Pengaruh Work Environment, Ethical Leadership, Organizational Citizenship Behavior dan Work Stress terhadap Employee Performance pada Karyawan Perusahaan Otomotif di Jakarta Timur
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effect of work environment, ethical leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, and work stress on employee performance at Automotive company employees in East Jakarta. Data was collected from 178 respondents only in the marketing division and service division of Automotive companies in East Jakarta, using non-probability sampling and using purposive sampling techniques with the data collection method used was population. Data analysis used descriptive statistics by finding the average using SPSS version 25, as well as multiple regression analysis for hypothesis testing using SPSS version 25. Previously the instrument had been tested using validity and reliability tests where all statement items were valid and reliable. The research results show that the work environment has a positive effect on employee performance, ethical leadership has a positive effect on employee performance, organizational citizenship behavior has a positive effect on employee performance, and work stress has a negative effect on employee performance. Managerial implications in research, companies need to better facilitate the equipment that employees need to do their work, supervisors at Automotive companies in East Jakarta need to provide more examples of how to do things the right way in terms of ethics, companies need to tell their employees not to take time off work if they don't necessary, and companies need to provide tasks that suit employee abilities.
Keywords: Employee Performance, Ethical Leadership, Organizational Citizenship Behavior , Work Environment, Work Stress.
References
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Aftab, J., Sarwar, H., Amin, A., & Kiran, A. (2022). Does CSR mediate the nexus of ethical leadership and employee’s job performance? Evidence from North Italy SMEs. Social Responsibility Journal, 18(1), 154–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-09-2020-0393
Al Halbusi, H., Williams, K. A., Ramayah, T., Aldieri, L., & Vinci, C. P. (2021). Linking ethical leadership and ethical climate to employees’ ethical behavior: the moderating role of person–organization fit. Personnel Review, 50(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2019-0522
Ann, S. C., W., O. D., & P., N. J. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663.
Ardiansyah, F., & Budiono, B. (2022). PENGARUH KOMPENSASI TERHADAP EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENTDAN DAMPAKNYA PADA EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE. In Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen (Vol. 10).
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Belete, H., Ergetie, T., Ali, T., Birhanu, S., & Belete, T. (2020). Work-related stress and associated factors among textile factory employees in Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S282061
Bhadana, J.; Saxena, N.; & Bhatia, A. (2022). Uttar Pradesh academics’ occupational stress, organisational work environment and work-life balance: A quantitative study.
BOZDOĞAN, S. C. (2021). The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Voice Behavior in the Relationship Between Proactive Personality and Job Performance. Alanya Akademik Bakış. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.825464
Contreras, S., & Gonzalez, J. A. (2021). Organizational change and work stress, attitudes, and cognitive load utilization: a natural experiment in a university restructuring. Personnel Review, 50(1), 264–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2018-0231
Dash, B., & Mohanty, P. K. (2019). The Effects of Work Environment, Self-evaluation at Workplace and Employee Morale on Employee Engagement.
Dhaubhadel, I. (2021). The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital (Psycap) On the Relationship Between Human Resource Development (Hrd) Climate and Employee Performance: A Study in Nepali Developmental Organizations (Vol. 28, Issue 1).
Erdal, N., & Altindağ, E. (2020). The Effect of Ethical Leadership and Relationship Orientation Healthcare on Employee Performance. In Business Management Dynamics (Vol. 10, Issue 03). www.bmdynamics.com
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Hafee, I., Yingjun, Z., Hafeez, S., Mansoor, R., & Rehman, K. U. (2019). Impact Of Workplace Environment on Employee Performance: Mediating Role of Employee Health. Business, Management and Education, 17(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2019.10379
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Babin, B., & Black, W. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. 7 editions, 0–758.
Hassan, M., Azmat, U., Sarwar, S., Hussain, S., & Gillani, M. (2020). Impact Of Job Satisfaction, Job Stress and Motivation on Job Performance: A Case from Private Universities of Karachi Iftikhar Hussain Adil. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 31(2), 2020. www.arabianjbmr.com
Istiana, N., Putra, R., Patuan Panjaitan Pondok Pesantren Darul Hikmah, H., Hikmah Koto Baru Foundation, D., & Baru, K. (2022). Journal of Applied Business and Technology Competence, Work Motivation, and Work Environment on Job Satisfaction and Teacher Performance at Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Darul Hikmah Koto Baru Kabupaten Dharmasraya. In Journal of Applied Business and Technology (JABT) (Vol. 2022, Issue 2). www.e-jabt.org
Jehanzeb, K., & Mohanty, J. (2020). The mediating role of organizational commitment between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: Power distance as moderator. Personnel Review, 49(2), 445–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2018-0327
Khawand, S., Ghasemi, M., & Sahranavard, S. A. (2022). Employee Involvement and Socialization as an Example of Sustainable Marketing Strategy and Organization’s Citizenship Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Beirut Hotel Sector. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148805
Kia, N., Halvorsen, B., & Bartram, T. (2019). Ethical leadership and employee in-role performance: The mediating roles of organisational identification, customer orientation, service climate, and ethical climate. Personnel Review, 48(7), 1716–1733. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-12-2018-0514
Kissi, E., Asare, O. A., Agyekum, K., Yamoah Agyemang, D., & Labaran, M. (2019). Ascertaining the interaction effects among organisational citizenship behaviour, work overload and employees’ performance in the Ghanaian construction industry. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(7), 1235–1249. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-07-2018-0262
Liderlerin, A., Zekâları, A., Liderlik, E., & İlişki, D. A. (2022). The Relationship Between Academic Leaders’ Moral Intelligence and Ethical Leadership Behaviors *. Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi Alanya Academic Review Journal, 6(3), 3309–3326. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1051163
Liu, S., & Sun, K. (2021). Work Environment and Employee Performance: Evidence from Sell-Side Analysts.
Memon, A. H., Khahro, S. H., Memon, N. A., Memon, Z. A., & Mustafa, A. (2023). Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance in the Construction Industry of Pakistan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118699
Naji, G. M. A., Isha, A. S. N., Alazzani, A., Brough, P., Saleem, M. S., Mohyaldinn, M. E., & Alzoraiki, M. (2022). Do Leadership, Organizational Communication, and Work Environment Impact Employees’ Psychosocial Hazards in the Oil and Gas Industry? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084432
Nemr, M. A. A., & liu, Y. (2021). The impact of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behaviors: Moderating role of organizational cynicism. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1865860
Ngwenya, B., & Pelser, T. (2020). Impact of psychological capital on employee engagement, job satisfaction and employee performance in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 46, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1781
Nurhayati, D., Minarsih, M. M., & Wulan, S. H. (2016). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja Dan Loya; itas Kerja Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) (Study Kasus Pada PT. Perwibhawakti Sentra Sejahtera di Kota Semarang Program Studi Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja Dan Loyalitas Kerja Tehadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) (Studi Kasus Pada PT. Perwirabhakti Sentrasejahtera Di Kota Semarang).
Purnama, N., & Warsindah, L. (2018). Pengaruh Ethical Leadership Terhadap Employee Task Performance Yang Di Mediasi Oleh Organizational Identification. In Seminar Nasional Cendekiawan ke (Vol. 4).
Rinaldi, E., & Riyanto, S. (2021). The effect of work motivation, work environment, and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior and their impact on employee’s performance of RSU Menteng Mitra Afia during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 10(6), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i6.1293
Saputri, R., Tinggi, S., Ekonomi, I., & Tinggi, N. S. (2015). Dampak Stres Kerja Dan Tingkat Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Perusahaan Otomotif. In Jurnal Manajemen dan Perbankan (Vol. 2, Issue 3.
Sari, D. L., Storyna, H., Intan, R., Sinaga, P., Gunawan, F. E., Asrol, M., & Redi, A. A. N. P. (2021). The effect of job stress to employee performance: Case study of manufacturing industry in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 794(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012085
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2011). An easy way t o help st udent s learn, collaborat e, and grow. www.wileypluslearningspace.com
Shafique, I., Kalyar, M. N., & Rani, T. (2020). Examining the impact of ethical leadership on safety and task performance: a safety-critical context. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 41(7), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2019-0335
Teng, C. C., Lu, A. C. C., Huang, Z. Y., & Fang, C. H. (2020). Ethical work climate, organizational identification, leader-member-exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): A study of three-star hotels in Taiwan. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(1), 212–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2018-0563.
Abun, D., Basilio, G. J. Q., Fredolin, J. P., & Magallanes, T. (2022). The effect of entrepreneurial mindset, work environment on employees’ work performance. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 11(4), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i4.1839
Aftab, J., Sarwar, H., Amin, A., & Kiran, A. (2022). Does CSR mediate the nexus of ethical leadership and employee’s job performance? Evidence from North Italy SMEs. Social Responsibility Journal, 18(1), 154–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-09-2020-0393
Al Halbusi, H., Williams, K. A., Ramayah, T., Aldieri, L., & Vinci, C. P. (2021). Linking ethical leadership and ethical climate to employees’ ethical behavior: the moderating role of person–organization fit. Personnel Review, 50(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2019-0522
Ann, S. C., W., O. D., & P., N. J. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663.
Ardiansyah, F., & Budiono, B. (2022). PENGARUH KOMPENSASI TERHADAP EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENTDAN DAMPAKNYA PADA EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE. In Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen (Vol. 10).
AŞKUN, V., ÇİZEL, R., & AJANOVIC, E. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Factors Affecting Employee Performance According to Job Performance Measurement Method: The Case of Performing Artists. Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.874012
Aydin, I. (2022). EFFECTS OF WORK-RELATED STRESSORS AND WORK ENGAGEMENT ON WORK STRESS: HEALTHCARE MANAGERS’ PERSPECTIVE. Central European Business Review, 11(4), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.299
BAŞ, M. (2022). The mediating role of work stress in the relationship between work engagement and turnover intention. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 10(3), 1161–1171. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v10i3.2097
Belete, H., Ergetie, T., Ali, T., Birhanu, S., & Belete, T. (2020). Work-related stress and associated factors among textile factory employees in Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S282061
Bhadana, J.; Saxena, N.; & Bhatia, A. (2022). Uttar Pradesh academics’ occupational stress, organisational work environment and work-life balance: A quantitative study.
BOZDOĞAN, S. C. (2021). The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Voice Behavior in the Relationship Between Proactive Personality and Job Performance. Alanya Akademik Bakış. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.825464
Contreras, S., & Gonzalez, J. A. (2021). Organizational change and work stress, attitudes, and cognitive load utilization: a natural experiment in a university restructuring. Personnel Review, 50(1), 264–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2018-0231
Dash, B., & Mohanty, P. K. (2019). The Effects of Work Environment, Self-evaluation at Workplace and Employee Morale on Employee Engagement.
Dhaubhadel, I. (2021). The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital (Psycap) On the Relationship Between Human Resource Development (Hrd) Climate and Employee Performance: A Study in Nepali Developmental Organizations (Vol. 28, Issue 1).
Erdal, N., & Altindağ, E. (2020). The Effect of Ethical Leadership and Relationship Orientation Healthcare on Employee Performance. In Business Management Dynamics (Vol. 10, Issue 03). www.bmdynamics.com
Faria Liliana. (2022). The Effect of Personality on Work Motivation and Its Impact on Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Employees of Public Department in Portugal. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v9i2p96
Goswami. (2015). Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies. www.scholarshub.net
Haass, O., Akhavan, P., Miao, Y., & Soltani, M. (2023). Organizational citizenship behaviour on organizational performance: A knowledge-based organization. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal, 85–102. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2023.15.005
Hafee, I., Yingjun, Z., Hafeez, S., Mansoor, R., & Rehman, K. U. (2019). Impact Of Workplace Environment on Employee Performance: Mediating Role of Employee Health. Business, Management and Education, 17(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2019.10379
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Babin, B., & Black, W. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. 7 editions, 0–758.
Hassan, M., Azmat, U., Sarwar, S., Hussain, S., & Gillani, M. (2020). Impact Of Job Satisfaction, Job Stress and Motivation on Job Performance: A Case from Private Universities of Karachi Iftikhar Hussain Adil. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 31(2), 2020. www.arabianjbmr.com
Istiana, N., Putra, R., Patuan Panjaitan Pondok Pesantren Darul Hikmah, H., Hikmah Koto Baru Foundation, D., & Baru, K. (2022). Journal of Applied Business and Technology Competence, Work Motivation, and Work Environment on Job Satisfaction and Teacher Performance at Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Darul Hikmah Koto Baru Kabupaten Dharmasraya. In Journal of Applied Business and Technology (JABT) (Vol. 2022, Issue 2). www.e-jabt.org
Jehanzeb, K., & Mohanty, J. (2020). The mediating role of organizational commitment between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: Power distance as moderator. Personnel Review, 49(2), 445–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2018-0327
Khawand, S., Ghasemi, M., & Sahranavard, S. A. (2022). Employee Involvement and Socialization as an Example of Sustainable Marketing Strategy and Organization’s Citizenship Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Beirut Hotel Sector. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148805
Kia, N., Halvorsen, B., & Bartram, T. (2019). Ethical leadership and employee in-role performance: The mediating roles of organisational identification, customer orientation, service climate, and ethical climate. Personnel Review, 48(7), 1716–1733. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-12-2018-0514
Kissi, E., Asare, O. A., Agyekum, K., Yamoah Agyemang, D., & Labaran, M. (2019). Ascertaining the interaction effects among organisational citizenship behaviour, work overload and employees’ performance in the Ghanaian construction industry. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(7), 1235–1249. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-07-2018-0262
Liderlerin, A., Zekâları, A., Liderlik, E., & İlişki, D. A. (2022). The Relationship Between Academic Leaders’ Moral Intelligence and Ethical Leadership Behaviors *. Alanya Akademik Bakış Dergisi Alanya Academic Review Journal, 6(3), 3309–3326. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1051163
Liu, S., & Sun, K. (2021). Work Environment and Employee Performance: Evidence from Sell-Side Analysts.
Memon, A. H., Khahro, S. H., Memon, N. A., Memon, Z. A., & Mustafa, A. (2023). Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance in the Construction Industry of Pakistan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118699
Naji, G. M. A., Isha, A. S. N., Alazzani, A., Brough, P., Saleem, M. S., Mohyaldinn, M. E., & Alzoraiki, M. (2022). Do Leadership, Organizational Communication, and Work Environment Impact Employees’ Psychosocial Hazards in the Oil and Gas Industry? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084432
Nemr, M. A. A., & liu, Y. (2021). The impact of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behaviors: Moderating role of organizational cynicism. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1865860
Ngwenya, B., & Pelser, T. (2020). Impact of psychological capital on employee engagement, job satisfaction and employee performance in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 46, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1781
Nurhayati, D., Minarsih, M. M., & Wulan, S. H. (2016). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja Dan Loya; itas Kerja Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) (Study Kasus Pada PT. Perwibhawakti Sentra Sejahtera di Kota Semarang Program Studi Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja Dan Loyalitas Kerja Tehadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) (Studi Kasus Pada PT. Perwirabhakti Sentrasejahtera Di Kota Semarang).
Purnama, N., & Warsindah, L. (2018). Pengaruh Ethical Leadership Terhadap Employee Task Performance Yang Di Mediasi Oleh Organizational Identification. In Seminar Nasional Cendekiawan ke (Vol. 4).
Rinaldi, E., & Riyanto, S. (2021). The effect of work motivation, work environment, and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior and their impact on employee’s performance of RSU Menteng Mitra Afia during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 10(6), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i6.1293
Saputri, R., Tinggi, S., Ekonomi, I., & Tinggi, N. S. (2015). Dampak Stres Kerja Dan Tingkat Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Perusahaan Otomotif. In Jurnal Manajemen dan Perbankan (Vol. 2, Issue 3.
Sari, D. L., Storyna, H., Intan, R., Sinaga, P., Gunawan, F. E., Asrol, M., & Redi, A. A. N. P. (2021). The effect of job stress to employee performance: Case study of manufacturing industry in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 794(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012085
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2011). An easy way t o help st udent s learn, collaborat e, and grow. www.wileypluslearningspace.com
Shafique, I., Kalyar, M. N., & Rani, T. (2020). Examining the impact of ethical leadership on safety and task performance: a safety-critical context. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 41(7), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2019-0335
Teng, C. C., Lu, A. C. C., Huang, Z. Y., & Fang, C. H. (2020). Ethical work climate, organizational identification, leader-member-exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): A study of three-star hotels in Taiwan. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(1), 212–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2018-0563.
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2024-04-18
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Copyright (c) 2024 Farhan Hamzah Harahap, Beta Oki Baliartati
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