Dampak Dan Efisiensi Program Padat Karya Sebagai Belanja Prioritas Untuk Mengentaskan Pengangguran: Kajian Literatur
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v6i2.7491Abstract
Labor-intensive programs have become one of the policy instruments used by the Indonesian government in an effort to overcome unemployment and encourage economic growth. This study aims to analyze the impact and efficiency of labor-intensive programs as priority spending in alleviating unemployment, the indicators used in this study are the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT), government program spending, and the level of labor absorption. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with literature study through collecting information from various sources. The results show that labor-intensive programs have a positive impact in reducing the unemployment rate in Indonesia. The program is able to create new jobs especially in labor-intensive sectors such as infrastructure development and public works. In addition, the program also provides employment opportunities for vulnerable and marginalized groups of society, such as low-skilled workers and those living in economically disadvantaged areas. This contributes to reducing social inequality and increasing social inclusion. However, challenges remain, such as the potential for temporary employment that can lead to income instability and the lack of long-term job security. In addition, the program still lacks efficiency in budget realization for optimal resource allocation and maximum results.
Keywords: Labor-intensive program; unemployment; PEN; efficiency; impact
References
Adhikari, D., & Kaliyaperumal, K. (2020). Labor-intensive public works programs and their impact on poverty reduction in Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics, 145.
Anjasmara, K., & Digdowiseiso, K. (2023). The Influence of Good Governance and Internal Control on the Perception of Financial Management Agency (BPKD) DKI Jakarta Province. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(02), 781–789.
Baker, M., Peckham, T. K., Seixas, N. S., & Kanarek, M. S. (2020). Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection. PLoS One, 15(4).
Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the Time of COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR).
Cooper, H. (2021). Synthesizing Research: A Guide for Literature Reviews (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Digdowiseiso, K. (2015). Sistem Keuangan Publik (E. Sugiyanto, Ed.). Lembaga Penerbitan Universitas Nasional (LPU-UNAS).
Digdowiseiso, K., Arifin, Z., Sulistiyana, D. B., & Bintang, A. N. (2023). Implication of Budget Refocusing Polices in Indonesia’s Pandemic Covid-19. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12 (02), 652–663.
Garcia, M., Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2023). The Role of the PEN Labor Intensive Program in Promoting Sustainability and Green Jobs. Environmental Economics Review, 38(3), 321–340.
Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination. Sage Publications.
Haryanto, B., Setiawan, A., & Wibowo, D. (2022). Efficiency Assessment of the Labor Intensive PEN Program: Job Creation and Productivity Improvement. Economic Studies Journal, 45(3), 345–362.
Johnson, B., & Lee, C. (2023). The PEN Labor Intensive Program and Its Effects on GDP Growth and Industrial Expansion. Journal of Economic Development, 56(1), 89–104.
Jones, C., & Smith, D. (2020). Labor-Intensive Public Works Programs: A Comprehensive Review of Social, Environmental, and Economic Impacts. Journal of Sustainable Development, 35(3), 345–362.
Julihandono Sj, C. (2023). Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Belanja Prioritas Program Padat Karya untuk Mengurangi Tingkat Pengangguran di Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 8, 51–62.
Kabunggul, O., Husnaeni, Y., & Digdowiseiso, K. (2023). Analisis Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah (SPIP) Terhadap Pendistribusian Bantuan Sosial Covid-19 Di Dinas Sosial Provinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun 2020. Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan Dan Bisnis Syariah, 5(5), 2331–2343.
Kementerian Keuangan RI. (2021). Program Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN). Pen.Kemenkeu.Go.Id. https://pen.kemenkeu.go.id/in/post/mengapa-program-pen
Lidya, J. S. (2021). Ada 740 Ribu Orang RI Jadi Pengangguran Gara-gara Covid-19. Www.Cnbcindonesia.Com. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20211125142944-4-294382/ada-740-ribu-orang-ri-jadi-pengangguran-gara-gara-covid-19
Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2016). The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success (3rd ed.). Corwin Press.
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McKibbin, W. J., & Fernando, R. (2020). The Global Macroeconomic Impacts of COVID-19: Seven Scenarios (19/2020).
Perdana, A., & Susanto, B. (2021). Layoffs during Large-Scale Social Restrictions: Implications and Challenges for Businesses. Journal of Economic Crisis Management, 15(2), 123–140.
Pradhan, M., Sharma, R., & Das, A. (2021). Temporary Employment in Labor-Intensive Programs: Challenges and Policy Implications. Journal of Labor Economics, 47(3), 345–362.
Prasetyo, A., & Wijaya, I. (2021). Labor-Intensive Programs: A Comparative Analysis of Human Labor Dependency. Journal of Economic Development Studies, 25(2), 45–58.
Pratama, A., & Kusuma, H. (2022). The role of labor-intensive programs in enhancing human capital development in Indonesia. International Journal of Manpower, 43(2), 272–291.
Pratiwi, S., Cahyono, A., & Wijaya, A. (2022). Positive Impacts of the Labor Intensive PEN Program on Employment and Poverty Reduction. Economic Development Journal, 42(2), 213–228.
Putri, S., & Suryanto, A. (2023). Social Inclusion in the Labor Intensive PEN Program: Assessing Equity in Employment and Income Gains. Social Policy Studies, 49(1), 78–96.
Rahman, F., & Suharto, B. (2023). Resource Mobilization and Project Management in the Implementation of the Labor Intensive PEN Program. Journal of Public Administration, 57(3), 345–362.
Rizal, A., & Fitriani, R. (2023). The Impact of Labor-Intensive Programs on Unemployment: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Other Countries. Journal of Economic Policy, 28(2), 45–61.
Sabana, M., Ikawati, N., & Digdowiseiso, K. (2023). Implementation of Activity Refocusing Policy and Reallocation of the Regional Government Budget for the Special Capital City of Jakarta During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Ekomomi, 12(02), 671–677.
Santoso, R., & Wibowo, D. (2021). Inclusive Growth through Labor Intensive Programs: Evidence from Indonesia’s PEN Program. Journal of Economic Inclusion, 45(2), 123–140.
Sari, R., & Pratama, A. (2022). Weaknesses of Labor-Intensive Programs during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Focus on Cost-effectiveness, Productivity, and Quality of Work in Indonesia. Journal of Labor Economics and Development, 31(1), 45–62.
Setiawan, A., & Yusuf, M. (2023). Resource Utilization Efficiency in the Labor Intensive PEN Program: A Case Study in Indonesia. Journal of Public Administration, 57(2), 189–206.
Setiawan, B., & Hartono, D. (2022). The Role of Labor-Intensive Programs in Job Creation: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Labor Economics, 36(3), 215–231.
Setiawan, B., & Wibowo, D. (2023). Weaknesses of Labor-Intensive Programs during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evaluating Cost-effectiveness, Productivity, and Quality of Work in Indonesia. Journal of Economic Development Studies, 37(2), 81–98.
Smith, A., Johnson, B., & Lee, C. (2022). Assessing the Impact of the PEN Labor Intensive Program on Employment in Rural Areas. Economic Studies Journal, 45(2), 217–234.
Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2021). ). The Economic Impacts of Infrastructure Investments: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Economic Development, 45(2), 123–140.
Smith, J., & Brown, L. (2019). Temporary Employment in Labor-Intensive Programs: Challenges and Considerations. Journal of Labor Economics, 42(3, 345–362.
Suharto, E., & Murniati, S. (2019). Labor-Intensive Programs as a Strategy to Alleviate Unemployment in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Economics, 60, 28–40.
Susanto, B., Setiawan, A., & Wibowo, D. (2022). Efficiency of the Implementation of Labor Intensive PEN Program in Rural Areas. Journal of Rural Development, 37(2), 123–140.
Susanto, B., Setiawan, A., & Wibowo, D. (2023). Addressing Challenges and Negative Impacts of the Labor Intensive PEN Program. Journal of Economic Development, 56(2), 189–206.
Utama, R., & Setiawan, B. (2021). The Impact of Large-Scale Social Restrictions on Companies and Employment: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 30(2), 65–80.
Utomo, D., & Santoso, B. (2023). Targeted Interventions and Unemployment Reduction: Assessing the Impact of the Labor Intensive PEN Program among Vulnerable Populations. Journal of Labor Economics, 48(1), 87–104.
Wahyuni, A., & Susilawati, I. (2021). Assessing the efficiency of labor-intensive programs: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Economic Development, 46(4), 63–82.
Wijaya, I., & Setiawan, B. (2020). ). Labor-Intensive Programs: Rationale and Implications for Job Creation and Poverty Alleviation. Journal of Development Studies, 42(1), 78–94.
World Bank. (2020). Labor Intensive Public Works Programs. Www.Worldbank.Org. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotectionandjobs/brief/labor-intensive-public-works-programs
www.cnbcindonesia.com. (n.d.). Ada 740 Ribu Orang RI Jadi Pengangguran Gara-gara Covid-19. Retrieved June 27, 2023, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20211125142944-4-294382/ada-740-ribu-orang-ri-jadi-pengangguran-gara-gara-covid-19
Yusuf, S., & Sumardjo, S. (2018). Regional development and labor-intensive programs in Indonesia. Journal of Regional Science, 58(3), 415–438.
Anjasmara, K., & Digdowiseiso, K. (2023). The Influence of Good Governance and Internal Control on the Perception of Financial Management Agency (BPKD) DKI Jakarta Province. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(02), 781–789.
Baker, M., Peckham, T. K., Seixas, N. S., & Kanarek, M. S. (2020). Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection. PLoS One, 15(4).
Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the Time of COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR).
Cooper, H. (2021). Synthesizing Research: A Guide for Literature Reviews (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Digdowiseiso, K. (2015). Sistem Keuangan Publik (E. Sugiyanto, Ed.). Lembaga Penerbitan Universitas Nasional (LPU-UNAS).
Digdowiseiso, K., Arifin, Z., Sulistiyana, D. B., & Bintang, A. N. (2023). Implication of Budget Refocusing Polices in Indonesia’s Pandemic Covid-19. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12 (02), 652–663.
Garcia, M., Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2023). The Role of the PEN Labor Intensive Program in Promoting Sustainability and Green Jobs. Environmental Economics Review, 38(3), 321–340.
Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination. Sage Publications.
Haryanto, B., Setiawan, A., & Wibowo, D. (2022). Efficiency Assessment of the Labor Intensive PEN Program: Job Creation and Productivity Improvement. Economic Studies Journal, 45(3), 345–362.
Johnson, B., & Lee, C. (2023). The PEN Labor Intensive Program and Its Effects on GDP Growth and Industrial Expansion. Journal of Economic Development, 56(1), 89–104.
Jones, C., & Smith, D. (2020). Labor-Intensive Public Works Programs: A Comprehensive Review of Social, Environmental, and Economic Impacts. Journal of Sustainable Development, 35(3), 345–362.
Julihandono Sj, C. (2023). Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Belanja Prioritas Program Padat Karya untuk Mengurangi Tingkat Pengangguran di Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 8, 51–62.
Kabunggul, O., Husnaeni, Y., & Digdowiseiso, K. (2023). Analisis Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah (SPIP) Terhadap Pendistribusian Bantuan Sosial Covid-19 Di Dinas Sosial Provinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun 2020. Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan Dan Bisnis Syariah, 5(5), 2331–2343.
Kementerian Keuangan RI. (2021). Program Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN). Pen.Kemenkeu.Go.Id. https://pen.kemenkeu.go.id/in/post/mengapa-program-pen
Lidya, J. S. (2021). Ada 740 Ribu Orang RI Jadi Pengangguran Gara-gara Covid-19. Www.Cnbcindonesia.Com. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20211125142944-4-294382/ada-740-ribu-orang-ri-jadi-pengangguran-gara-gara-covid-19
Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2016). The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success (3rd ed.). Corwin Press.
Maria, F. (2022). Update Covid-19 per 29 Desember 2022: Positif 6.718.775, Sembuh 6.544.228, Meninggal 160.583. Www.Liputan6.Com. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/5166812/update-covid-19-per-29-desember-2022-positif-6718775-sembuh-6544228-meninggal-160583
McKibbin, W. J., & Fernando, R. (2020). The Global Macroeconomic Impacts of COVID-19: Seven Scenarios (19/2020).
Perdana, A., & Susanto, B. (2021). Layoffs during Large-Scale Social Restrictions: Implications and Challenges for Businesses. Journal of Economic Crisis Management, 15(2), 123–140.
Pradhan, M., Sharma, R., & Das, A. (2021). Temporary Employment in Labor-Intensive Programs: Challenges and Policy Implications. Journal of Labor Economics, 47(3), 345–362.
Prasetyo, A., & Wijaya, I. (2021). Labor-Intensive Programs: A Comparative Analysis of Human Labor Dependency. Journal of Economic Development Studies, 25(2), 45–58.
Pratama, A., & Kusuma, H. (2022). The role of labor-intensive programs in enhancing human capital development in Indonesia. International Journal of Manpower, 43(2), 272–291.
Pratiwi, S., Cahyono, A., & Wijaya, A. (2022). Positive Impacts of the Labor Intensive PEN Program on Employment and Poverty Reduction. Economic Development Journal, 42(2), 213–228.
Putri, S., & Suryanto, A. (2023). Social Inclusion in the Labor Intensive PEN Program: Assessing Equity in Employment and Income Gains. Social Policy Studies, 49(1), 78–96.
Rahman, F., & Suharto, B. (2023). Resource Mobilization and Project Management in the Implementation of the Labor Intensive PEN Program. Journal of Public Administration, 57(3), 345–362.
Rizal, A., & Fitriani, R. (2023). The Impact of Labor-Intensive Programs on Unemployment: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Other Countries. Journal of Economic Policy, 28(2), 45–61.
Sabana, M., Ikawati, N., & Digdowiseiso, K. (2023). Implementation of Activity Refocusing Policy and Reallocation of the Regional Government Budget for the Special Capital City of Jakarta During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Ekomomi, 12(02), 671–677.
Santoso, R., & Wibowo, D. (2021). Inclusive Growth through Labor Intensive Programs: Evidence from Indonesia’s PEN Program. Journal of Economic Inclusion, 45(2), 123–140.
Sari, R., & Pratama, A. (2022). Weaknesses of Labor-Intensive Programs during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Focus on Cost-effectiveness, Productivity, and Quality of Work in Indonesia. Journal of Labor Economics and Development, 31(1), 45–62.
Setiawan, A., & Yusuf, M. (2023). Resource Utilization Efficiency in the Labor Intensive PEN Program: A Case Study in Indonesia. Journal of Public Administration, 57(2), 189–206.
Setiawan, B., & Hartono, D. (2022). The Role of Labor-Intensive Programs in Job Creation: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Labor Economics, 36(3), 215–231.
Setiawan, B., & Wibowo, D. (2023). Weaknesses of Labor-Intensive Programs during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evaluating Cost-effectiveness, Productivity, and Quality of Work in Indonesia. Journal of Economic Development Studies, 37(2), 81–98.
Smith, A., Johnson, B., & Lee, C. (2022). Assessing the Impact of the PEN Labor Intensive Program on Employment in Rural Areas. Economic Studies Journal, 45(2), 217–234.
Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2021). ). The Economic Impacts of Infrastructure Investments: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Economic Development, 45(2), 123–140.
Smith, J., & Brown, L. (2019). Temporary Employment in Labor-Intensive Programs: Challenges and Considerations. Journal of Labor Economics, 42(3, 345–362.
Suharto, E., & Murniati, S. (2019). Labor-Intensive Programs as a Strategy to Alleviate Unemployment in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Economics, 60, 28–40.
Susanto, B., Setiawan, A., & Wibowo, D. (2022). Efficiency of the Implementation of Labor Intensive PEN Program in Rural Areas. Journal of Rural Development, 37(2), 123–140.
Susanto, B., Setiawan, A., & Wibowo, D. (2023). Addressing Challenges and Negative Impacts of the Labor Intensive PEN Program. Journal of Economic Development, 56(2), 189–206.
Utama, R., & Setiawan, B. (2021). The Impact of Large-Scale Social Restrictions on Companies and Employment: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 30(2), 65–80.
Utomo, D., & Santoso, B. (2023). Targeted Interventions and Unemployment Reduction: Assessing the Impact of the Labor Intensive PEN Program among Vulnerable Populations. Journal of Labor Economics, 48(1), 87–104.
Wahyuni, A., & Susilawati, I. (2021). Assessing the efficiency of labor-intensive programs: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Economic Development, 46(4), 63–82.
Wijaya, I., & Setiawan, B. (2020). ). Labor-Intensive Programs: Rationale and Implications for Job Creation and Poverty Alleviation. Journal of Development Studies, 42(1), 78–94.
World Bank. (2020). Labor Intensive Public Works Programs. Www.Worldbank.Org. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotectionandjobs/brief/labor-intensive-public-works-programs
www.cnbcindonesia.com. (n.d.). Ada 740 Ribu Orang RI Jadi Pengangguran Gara-gara Covid-19. Retrieved June 27, 2023, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20211125142944-4-294382/ada-740-ribu-orang-ri-jadi-pengangguran-gara-gara-covid-19
Yusuf, S., & Sumardjo, S. (2018). Regional development and labor-intensive programs in Indonesia. Journal of Regional Science, 58(3), 415–438.
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2023-06-21
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