Gambaran Pasien Meninggal Dunia dengan COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit Advent Bandung Tahun 2021
Penelitian Retrospektif
Abstract
Pandemi Covid-19 telah menyebabkan dampak yang signifikan pada kesehatan global dan sistem perawatan kesehatan. Memahami faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap kematian pasien Covid-19 merupakan langkah penting untuk mengoptimalkan intervensi klinis dan mengurangi angka kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang faktor-faktor yang terkait dengan kematian pasien Covid-19, termasuk usia, jenis kelamin, tekanan darah, suhu tubuh, laju pernapasan, saturasi oksigen, gejala yang muncul, komorbiditas, dan status psikologis. Desain penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif digunakan, dan sampel sebanyak 151 pasien dianalisis secara retrospektif menggunakan rekam medis pasien Covid-19 yang meninggal. Data dianalisis menggunakan Excel untuk menghitung rata-rata, persentase, dan rasio peluang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 89 (58%) pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki, 45 (29%) berusia 61-70 tahun, 105 (70%) memiliki tekanan darah antara 90-140 mmHg, 98 (64%) memiliki suhu <37,4°C, 99 (65%) memiliki laju pernapasan 21-30 kali/menit, 127 (84%) memiliki tingkat saturasi oksigen <95%, 135 (89%) mengalami sesak napas, 109 (72%) memiliki komorbiditas, dan 100 (68%) mengalami kecemasan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kematian di antara pasien Covid-19 terutama disebabkan oleh adanya komorbiditas (72%), sesak napas (89%), dan faktor psikologis seperti kecemasan (68%). Faktor-faktor ini ditemukan memiliki prevalensi tertinggi di antara pasien yang meninggal.
References
Abayomi, A., Odukoya, O., Osibogun, A., Wright, O., Adebayo, B., Balogus, M., Salam, I. A., Bowale, A., Mutiu, B., Saka, B., Adejumo, M., Yenyi, S., Agbolagorite, R., Onasanya, O., Erinosho, E., Obasanya, J., Adejumo, O., Adesola, S., Oshodi, Y., & Razzaq, H. A. (2021). Presenting symptoms and predictors of poor outcomes among 2,184 patients with COVID-19 in Lagos State, Nigeria. Elsevier, 102, 226–232.
Albitar, O., Ballouze, R., Ooi, J. P., & Sheikh Ghadzi, S. M. (2020). Risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 patients. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 166(January), 108293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108293
Andri, J., Padila, P., & Arifin, N. A. W. (2021). Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Kardiovaskuler pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 382–389. https://journal.ipm2kpe.or.id/index.php/JOTING/article/view/2167
Butarbutar, M. H., Bangun, H., Tarihoran, J., Sihaloho, E., & Panjaitan, R. S. (2022). Pengetahuan, Kecemasan Masyarakat dalam Menghadapi COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 6(1), 846-855. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v6i1.4530
Chang, W. H. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 pandemic from a gender perspective. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59(6), 801–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2020.09.004
Chen, T., Wu, D., Chen, H., Yan, W., Yang, D., Chen, G., Ma, K., Xu, D., Yu, H., Wang, H., Wang, T., Guo, W., Chen, J., Ding, C., Zhang, X., Huang, J., Han, M., Li, S., Luo, X., & Ning, Q. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study. The BMJ, 368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1091
Chen, Y., Klein, S. L., Garibaldi, B. T., Li, H., Wu, C., Osevala, N. M., Li, T., Margolick, J. B., Pawelec, G., & Leng, S. X. (2021). Aging in COVID-19: Vulnerability, immunity and intervention. Ageing Research Reviews, 65(January), 101205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205
Dai, L. song, Zhu, M. pei, Li, Y. min, Zhou, H. mei, Liao, H. li, Cheng, P. pan, Xia, X. yue, Yao, X. yun, Zhang, H. juan, Liu, X. qi, Huang, W., Wan, L., Xu, X. yang, Wang, F. rong, & Xu, C. qi. (2022). Hypertension Exacerbates Severity and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study. Current Medical Science, 42(3), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-022-2539-y
Diez-Quevedo, C., Iglesias-González, M., Giralt-López, M., Rangil, T., Sanagustin, D., Moreira, M., López-Ramentol, M., Ibáñez-Caparrós, A., Lorán, M. E., Bustos-Cardona, T., Menéndez-Cuiñas, I., Mundo-Cid, P., Blanco-Presas, L., de Pablo, J., & Cuevas-Esteban, J. (2021). Mental Disorders, Psychopharmacological Treatments, and Mortality in 2150 COVID-19 Spanish Inpatients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(6), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13304
Drewry, A. M., Hotchkiss, R., & Kulstad, E. (2020). Response to “Body Temperature Correlates with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients.†Critical Care, 24(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03186-w
Du, Y., Tu, L., Zhu, P., Mu, M., Wang, R., Yang, P., Wang, X., Hu, C., Ping, R., Hu, P., Li, T., Cao, F., Chang, C., Hu, Q., Jin, Y., & Xu, G. (2020). Clinical Features of 85 Fatal Cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan: A Retrospective Observational Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 201(11), 1372–1379. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0543OC
Galea, S., & Ettman, C. K. (2021). Mental Health and Mortality in a Time of COVID-19. Oncology Research, 111(S2), S73–S74. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306278
Gattinoni, L., Chiumello, D., Caironi, P., Busana, M., Romitti, F., Brazzi, L., & Camporota, L. (2020). COVID-19 Pneumonia: Different Respiratory Treatments for Different Phenotypes? Intensive Care Medicine, 46(6), 1099–1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06033-2
Gianicolo, E. A. L., Russo, A., Büchler, B., Taylor, K., Stang, A., & Blettner, M. (2021). Gender Specific Excess Mortality in Italy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Accounting for Age. European Journal of Epidemiology, 36(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-021-00717-9
Grange, Z., Buelo, A., Sullivan, C., Moore, E., Agrawal, U., Boukhari, K., McLaughlan, I., Stockton, D., McCowan, C., Robertson, C., Sheikh, A., & Murray, J. L. K. (2021). Characteristics and Risk of COVID-19-Related Death in Fully Vaccinated People in Scotland. The Lancet, 398(10313), 1799–1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02316-3
Gupta, S., Hayek, S. S., Wang, W., Chan, L., Wathews, K. S., Melamed, M. L., Brenner, S. K., Yoo, A. L., Schenck, E. J., Radbel, J., Reiser, J., Bansal, A., Srivastava, A., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Factors Associated with Death in Critically Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(11), 1436–1447.
Haryati, H., Isa, M., Assagaf, A., Nurrasyidah, I., & Kusumawardhani, E. (2021). Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Individuals Dying with COVID-19 in Ulin Regional Hospital Banjarmasin. Jurnal Respirasi, 7(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.20473/jr.v7-I.1.2021.1-7
Hidayati, D. (2020). Profil Penduduk Terkonfirmasi Positif COVID-19 dan Meninggal: Kasus Indonesia dan DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 2902, 93. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v0i0.541
Hikmawati, I., & Setiyabudi, R. (2021). Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Indonesia: Common Source and Propagated Source as a Cause for Outbreaks. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 15(5), 646–652. https://doi.org/10.3855/JIDC.14240
Jang, S. Y., Seon, J. Y., Eun, B. L., Koh, S. B., Yoo, J. H., Lee, W. Y., Yom, H. K., Yoon, S. J., Oh, I. H., Bae, S. C., & Chang, S. G. (2021). Risk Factors if Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients in Korea: Focus on Early Symptoms. Journal Korean Medical Science, 36(18), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e132
Ma, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., He, X., Wang, B., Fu, S., Yan, J., Niu, J., Zhou, J., & Luo, B. (2020). Effects of Temperature Variation and Humidity on the Death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Science of The Total Environment, 724(January), 138226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226
Mansab, F., Donnelly, H., Kussner, A., Neil, J., Bhatti, S., & Goyal, D. K. (2021). Oxygen and Mortality in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Comparative Analysis of Supplemental Oxygen Policies and Health Outcomes Across 26 Countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(July), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.580585
MejÃa, F., Medina, C., Cornejo, E., Morello, E., Vásquez, S., Alave, J., Schwalb, A., & Málaga, G. (2020). Oxygen Saturation as a Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Adult Patients with COVID-19 in a Public Hospital in Lima, Peru. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244171
Nguyen, N. T., Chinn, J., de Ferrante, M., Kirby, K. A., Hohmann, S. F., & Amin, A. (2021). Male Gender is a Predictor of Higher Mortality in Hospitalized Adults with COVID-19. PLoS ONE, 16(7 July), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254066
Padila, P., Andri, J., Andrianto, M. B., Sartika, A., & Oktaviyani, Y. (2022). Bermain Edukatif Ular Tangga Mampu Mengatasi Kecemasan pada Anak Hospitalisasi. Jurnal Kesmas Asclepius, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.31539/jka.v4i1.3748
Padila, P., Ningrum, D., Andri, J., Sartika, A., & Andrianto, M. B. (2021). Kecemasan Orang Tua Ketika Anak Berinteraksi Sosial di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 5(1), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v5i1.2709
Padila, P., Panzilion, P., Andri, J., Nurhayati, N., & Harsismanto, J. (2021). Pengalaman Ibu Usia Remaja Melahirkan Anak di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2075
Pawar, P., Chavan, S., Jadhao, V., Adsul, B., Kumbhar, M., Dhikale, P., Gokhale, C., & Ingale, A. (2022). Death Analysis of COVID-19 Patients Admitted in Dedicated COVID-19 Hospital in Mumbai. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(4), 1322. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1460_21
Peng, M., He, J., Xue, Y., Yang, X., Liu, S., & Gong, Z. (2021). Role of Hypertension on the Severity of COVID-19: A Review. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 78(5), e648–e655. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000001116
Pole, J. S., Andri, J., & Padila, P. (2021). Cardiovascular Patient’s Anxiety in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOSING: Journal of Nursing and Health, 2(1), 1521. https://doi.org/10.31539/josing.v2i1.3022
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., Cohen, S. L., Cookingham, J., Coppa, K., Diefenbach, M. A., Dominello, A. J., Duer-Hefele, J., Falzon, L., Gitlin, J., Hajizadeh, N., Harvin, T. G., & Zanos, T. P. (2020). Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(20), 2052–2059. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775
Satria, R. M. A., Tutupoho, R. V., & Chalidyanto, D. (2020). Analisis Faktor Risiko Kematian dengan Penyakit Komorbid COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 4(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v4i1.1587
Silva, W. A. D., Brito, T. R. de S., & Pereira, C. R. (2021). Anxiety Associated with COVID-19 and Concerns about Death: Impacts on Psychological Well-Being. Personality and Individual Differences, 176(January), 110772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110772
Struyf, T., Deeks, J. J., Dinnes, J., Takwoingi, Y., Davenport, C., Leeflang, M. M., Spijker, R., Hooft, L., Emperador, D., Domen, J., Tans, A., Janssens, S., Wickramasinghe, D., Lannoy, V., Horn, S. R. A., & Van den Bruel, A. (2022). Signs and Symptoms to Determine if a Patient Presenting in Primary Care or Hospital Outpatient Settings Has COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2022(5), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub3
Sulistyowati, E. S., Muningga, S. D., & Silalahi, V. (2021). Risk factors of COVID-19 confirmed died patients in Dr. Kariadi Hospital: A Retrospective Study. Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease, 9(1), 1–8. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/view/22609
Surendra, H., Elyazar, I. R., Djaafara, B. A., Ekawati, L. L., Saraswati, K., Adrian, V., Widyastuti, Oktavia, D., Salama, N., Lina, R. N., Andrianto, A., Lestari, K. D., Burhan, E., Shankar, A. H., Thwaites, G., Baird, J. K., & Hamers, R. L. (2021). Clinical Characteristics and Mortality Associated with COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific, 9, 100108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100108
Takahashi, T., Ellingson, M. K., Wong, P., Israelow, B., Lucas, C., Klein, J., Silva, J., Mao, T., Oh, J. E., Tokuyama, M., Lu, P., Venkataraman, A., Park, A., Liu, F., Meir, A., Sun, J., Wang, E. Y., Casanovas-Massana, A., Wyllie, A. L., & Iwasaki, A. (2020). Sex Differences in Immune Responses That Underlie COVID-19 Disease Outcomes. Nature, 588(7837), 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3
Tosepu, R., Effendy, D. S., & Ahmad, L. O. A. I. (2020). The First Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in Indonesian Citizens. Public Health of Indonesia, 6(2), 70–71. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v6i2.337
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Willim, H. A., Ketaren, I., & Supit, A. I. (2020). Dampak Coronavirus Disease 2019 terhadap Sistem Kardiovaskular. E-CliniC, 8(2), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.v8i2.30540
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., Guan, L., Wei, Y., Li, H., Wu, X., Xu, J., Tu, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Albitar, O., Ballouze, R., Ooi, J. P., & Sheikh Ghadzi, S. M. (2020). Risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 patients. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 166(January), 108293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108293
Andri, J., Padila, P., & Arifin, N. A. W. (2021). Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Kardiovaskuler pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 382–389. https://journal.ipm2kpe.or.id/index.php/JOTING/article/view/2167
Butarbutar, M. H., Bangun, H., Tarihoran, J., Sihaloho, E., & Panjaitan, R. S. (2022). Pengetahuan, Kecemasan Masyarakat dalam Menghadapi COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 6(1), 846-855. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v6i1.4530
Chang, W. H. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 pandemic from a gender perspective. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59(6), 801–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2020.09.004
Chen, T., Wu, D., Chen, H., Yan, W., Yang, D., Chen, G., Ma, K., Xu, D., Yu, H., Wang, H., Wang, T., Guo, W., Chen, J., Ding, C., Zhang, X., Huang, J., Han, M., Li, S., Luo, X., & Ning, Q. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study. The BMJ, 368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1091
Chen, Y., Klein, S. L., Garibaldi, B. T., Li, H., Wu, C., Osevala, N. M., Li, T., Margolick, J. B., Pawelec, G., & Leng, S. X. (2021). Aging in COVID-19: Vulnerability, immunity and intervention. Ageing Research Reviews, 65(January), 101205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205
Dai, L. song, Zhu, M. pei, Li, Y. min, Zhou, H. mei, Liao, H. li, Cheng, P. pan, Xia, X. yue, Yao, X. yun, Zhang, H. juan, Liu, X. qi, Huang, W., Wan, L., Xu, X. yang, Wang, F. rong, & Xu, C. qi. (2022). Hypertension Exacerbates Severity and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study. Current Medical Science, 42(3), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-022-2539-y
Diez-Quevedo, C., Iglesias-González, M., Giralt-López, M., Rangil, T., Sanagustin, D., Moreira, M., López-Ramentol, M., Ibáñez-Caparrós, A., Lorán, M. E., Bustos-Cardona, T., Menéndez-Cuiñas, I., Mundo-Cid, P., Blanco-Presas, L., de Pablo, J., & Cuevas-Esteban, J. (2021). Mental Disorders, Psychopharmacological Treatments, and Mortality in 2150 COVID-19 Spanish Inpatients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(6), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13304
Drewry, A. M., Hotchkiss, R., & Kulstad, E. (2020). Response to “Body Temperature Correlates with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients.†Critical Care, 24(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03186-w
Du, Y., Tu, L., Zhu, P., Mu, M., Wang, R., Yang, P., Wang, X., Hu, C., Ping, R., Hu, P., Li, T., Cao, F., Chang, C., Hu, Q., Jin, Y., & Xu, G. (2020). Clinical Features of 85 Fatal Cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan: A Retrospective Observational Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 201(11), 1372–1379. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0543OC
Galea, S., & Ettman, C. K. (2021). Mental Health and Mortality in a Time of COVID-19. Oncology Research, 111(S2), S73–S74. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306278
Gattinoni, L., Chiumello, D., Caironi, P., Busana, M., Romitti, F., Brazzi, L., & Camporota, L. (2020). COVID-19 Pneumonia: Different Respiratory Treatments for Different Phenotypes? Intensive Care Medicine, 46(6), 1099–1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06033-2
Gianicolo, E. A. L., Russo, A., Büchler, B., Taylor, K., Stang, A., & Blettner, M. (2021). Gender Specific Excess Mortality in Italy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Accounting for Age. European Journal of Epidemiology, 36(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-021-00717-9
Grange, Z., Buelo, A., Sullivan, C., Moore, E., Agrawal, U., Boukhari, K., McLaughlan, I., Stockton, D., McCowan, C., Robertson, C., Sheikh, A., & Murray, J. L. K. (2021). Characteristics and Risk of COVID-19-Related Death in Fully Vaccinated People in Scotland. The Lancet, 398(10313), 1799–1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02316-3
Gupta, S., Hayek, S. S., Wang, W., Chan, L., Wathews, K. S., Melamed, M. L., Brenner, S. K., Yoo, A. L., Schenck, E. J., Radbel, J., Reiser, J., Bansal, A., Srivastava, A., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Factors Associated with Death in Critically Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(11), 1436–1447.
Haryati, H., Isa, M., Assagaf, A., Nurrasyidah, I., & Kusumawardhani, E. (2021). Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Individuals Dying with COVID-19 in Ulin Regional Hospital Banjarmasin. Jurnal Respirasi, 7(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.20473/jr.v7-I.1.2021.1-7
Hidayati, D. (2020). Profil Penduduk Terkonfirmasi Positif COVID-19 dan Meninggal: Kasus Indonesia dan DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 2902, 93. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v0i0.541
Hikmawati, I., & Setiyabudi, R. (2021). Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Indonesia: Common Source and Propagated Source as a Cause for Outbreaks. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 15(5), 646–652. https://doi.org/10.3855/JIDC.14240
Jang, S. Y., Seon, J. Y., Eun, B. L., Koh, S. B., Yoo, J. H., Lee, W. Y., Yom, H. K., Yoon, S. J., Oh, I. H., Bae, S. C., & Chang, S. G. (2021). Risk Factors if Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients in Korea: Focus on Early Symptoms. Journal Korean Medical Science, 36(18), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e132
Ma, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., He, X., Wang, B., Fu, S., Yan, J., Niu, J., Zhou, J., & Luo, B. (2020). Effects of Temperature Variation and Humidity on the Death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Science of The Total Environment, 724(January), 138226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226
Mansab, F., Donnelly, H., Kussner, A., Neil, J., Bhatti, S., & Goyal, D. K. (2021). Oxygen and Mortality in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Comparative Analysis of Supplemental Oxygen Policies and Health Outcomes Across 26 Countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(July), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.580585
MejÃa, F., Medina, C., Cornejo, E., Morello, E., Vásquez, S., Alave, J., Schwalb, A., & Málaga, G. (2020). Oxygen Saturation as a Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Adult Patients with COVID-19 in a Public Hospital in Lima, Peru. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244171
Nguyen, N. T., Chinn, J., de Ferrante, M., Kirby, K. A., Hohmann, S. F., & Amin, A. (2021). Male Gender is a Predictor of Higher Mortality in Hospitalized Adults with COVID-19. PLoS ONE, 16(7 July), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254066
Padila, P., Andri, J., Andrianto, M. B., Sartika, A., & Oktaviyani, Y. (2022). Bermain Edukatif Ular Tangga Mampu Mengatasi Kecemasan pada Anak Hospitalisasi. Jurnal Kesmas Asclepius, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.31539/jka.v4i1.3748
Padila, P., Ningrum, D., Andri, J., Sartika, A., & Andrianto, M. B. (2021). Kecemasan Orang Tua Ketika Anak Berinteraksi Sosial di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 5(1), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v5i1.2709
Padila, P., Panzilion, P., Andri, J., Nurhayati, N., & Harsismanto, J. (2021). Pengalaman Ibu Usia Remaja Melahirkan Anak di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2075
Pawar, P., Chavan, S., Jadhao, V., Adsul, B., Kumbhar, M., Dhikale, P., Gokhale, C., & Ingale, A. (2022). Death Analysis of COVID-19 Patients Admitted in Dedicated COVID-19 Hospital in Mumbai. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(4), 1322. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1460_21
Peng, M., He, J., Xue, Y., Yang, X., Liu, S., & Gong, Z. (2021). Role of Hypertension on the Severity of COVID-19: A Review. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 78(5), e648–e655. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000001116
Pole, J. S., Andri, J., & Padila, P. (2021). Cardiovascular Patient’s Anxiety in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOSING: Journal of Nursing and Health, 2(1), 1521. https://doi.org/10.31539/josing.v2i1.3022
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., Cohen, S. L., Cookingham, J., Coppa, K., Diefenbach, M. A., Dominello, A. J., Duer-Hefele, J., Falzon, L., Gitlin, J., Hajizadeh, N., Harvin, T. G., & Zanos, T. P. (2020). Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(20), 2052–2059. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775
Satria, R. M. A., Tutupoho, R. V., & Chalidyanto, D. (2020). Analisis Faktor Risiko Kematian dengan Penyakit Komorbid COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 4(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v4i1.1587
Silva, W. A. D., Brito, T. R. de S., & Pereira, C. R. (2021). Anxiety Associated with COVID-19 and Concerns about Death: Impacts on Psychological Well-Being. Personality and Individual Differences, 176(January), 110772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110772
Struyf, T., Deeks, J. J., Dinnes, J., Takwoingi, Y., Davenport, C., Leeflang, M. M., Spijker, R., Hooft, L., Emperador, D., Domen, J., Tans, A., Janssens, S., Wickramasinghe, D., Lannoy, V., Horn, S. R. A., & Van den Bruel, A. (2022). Signs and Symptoms to Determine if a Patient Presenting in Primary Care or Hospital Outpatient Settings Has COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2022(5), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub3
Sulistyowati, E. S., Muningga, S. D., & Silalahi, V. (2021). Risk factors of COVID-19 confirmed died patients in Dr. Kariadi Hospital: A Retrospective Study. Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease, 9(1), 1–8. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/view/22609
Surendra, H., Elyazar, I. R., Djaafara, B. A., Ekawati, L. L., Saraswati, K., Adrian, V., Widyastuti, Oktavia, D., Salama, N., Lina, R. N., Andrianto, A., Lestari, K. D., Burhan, E., Shankar, A. H., Thwaites, G., Baird, J. K., & Hamers, R. L. (2021). Clinical Characteristics and Mortality Associated with COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific, 9, 100108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100108
Takahashi, T., Ellingson, M. K., Wong, P., Israelow, B., Lucas, C., Klein, J., Silva, J., Mao, T., Oh, J. E., Tokuyama, M., Lu, P., Venkataraman, A., Park, A., Liu, F., Meir, A., Sun, J., Wang, E. Y., Casanovas-Massana, A., Wyllie, A. L., & Iwasaki, A. (2020). Sex Differences in Immune Responses That Underlie COVID-19 Disease Outcomes. Nature, 588(7837), 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3
Tosepu, R., Effendy, D. S., & Ahmad, L. O. A. I. (2020). The First Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in Indonesian Citizens. Public Health of Indonesia, 6(2), 70–71. https://doi.org/10.36685/phi.v6i2.337
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Willim, H. A., Ketaren, I., & Supit, A. I. (2020). Dampak Coronavirus Disease 2019 terhadap Sistem Kardiovaskular. E-CliniC, 8(2), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.v8i2.30540
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., Guan, L., Wei, Y., Li, H., Wu, X., Xu, J., Tu, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Published
2023-05-31
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 Dwiyanto Agustinus, Desmond Kristanto, Gilny Aileen Joan Rantung
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
