Perilaku Merusak Diri pada Usia Dewasa Muda
Abstract
This study aims to explore the experiences of self-harm in young adulthood. The research employs a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The findings reveal three main themes in the experience of self-harm among young adults: 1) causes of self-harm, 2) ideas about self-harm, and 3) the cycle of self-harm. The conclusion indicates that the causes of self-harm vary among individuals, including factors such as family, academic, psychosocial, intrapersonal, personality, unpleasant past experiences, and physical health history. The ideas about self-harm among participants are influenced by everyday media exposure, such as social media and preferred films. The self-harm cycle begins with an individual's negative response to stressors, the type of self-harm performed, the negative feelings experienced before self-harm, and the relief felt as an emotional release after self-harm, which leads individuals to feel addicted and engage in repeated self-harm. In summary, self-harm is a maladaptive coping mechanism that provides only temporary relief from emotional burdens. Social skills training and counseling are recommended to reduce the risk of recurring behavior for those who are not yet ready to stop.
Keywords: Self-Harm, Students, Young Adult
References
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Amelia Azzahra, Sri Wahyuni, & Arneliwati, A. (2023). Hubungan Stres Akademis dan Non Akademis terhadap Perilaku Self-Harm pada Mahasiswa Universitas Riau. Jurnal Nurse, 6(1), 01–12. https://doi.org/10.57213/nurse.v6i1.134
Arendt, F., Scherr, S., & Romer, D. (2019). Effects of Exposure to Self-Harm on Social Media: Evidence from a Two-wave Panel Study among Young Adults. New Media and Society, 21(11–12), 2422–2442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819850106
Brown, R. C., Fischer, T., Goldwich, D. A., & Plener, P. L. (2020). “I Just Finally Wanted to Belong Somewhere”—Qualitative Analysis of Experiences with Posting Pictures of Self-Injury on Instagram. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(April), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00274
Bucur, A., Ursoniu, S., Caraion-Buzdea, C., Ciobanu, V., Florescu, S., & Vladescu, C. (2020). Aggressive Behaviors among 15–16-year-old Romanian High School Students: Results From Two Consecutive Surveys Related to Alcohol and Other Drug Use at The European Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103670
Chantika, R., Shalsabilla, P., Pratikto, H., & Aristawati, A. R. (2023). Self Injury pada Dewasa Awal : Bagaimana Peranan Self Awareness? Journal of Psychological Research, 2(4), 764–771. https://aksiologi.org/index.php/inner/article/download/809/565/4946
Connor, D. F., Newcorn, J. H., Saylor, K. E., Amann, B. H., Scahill, L., Robb, A. S., Jensen, P. S., Vitiello, B., Findling, R. L., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2019). Maladaptive Aggression: With a Focus on Impulsive Aggression in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 29(8), 576–591. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2019.0039
Curtis, S., Thorn, P., McRoberts, A., Hetrick, S., Rice, S., & Robinson, J. (2018). Caring for Young People Who Self-Harm: A review of perspectives from families and young people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050950
Elon, Y., Malinti, E., Sihombing, R. M., Rukmi, D. K., Tandilangi, A. A., Rahmi, U., Damayanti, D., Manalu, N. V., Koerniawan, D., Winahyu, K. M., Manurung, A., Mandias, R., Khusniyah, Z., Widodo, D., Jainurakhma, J., Mukarromah, I., & Rini, M. T. (2021). Teori dan Model Keperawatan (1st ed.). Yaysan Kita Menulis.
Fenty Zahara Nasution, & Selly Angraini. (2021). Gambaran Perilaku Self Harm pada Remaja. Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Kesehatan, 1(1), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.55606/jrik.v1i1.3028
Gardner, K. J., Paul, E., Selby, E. A., Klonsky, E. D., & Mars, B. (2021). Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Functions as Pathways to Future Self-Harm Repetition and Suicide Attempts. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.688472
Hastuti, R. Y., & Baiti, E. N. (2019). Hubungan Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Tingkat Stress pada Remaja. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 8(2), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.35952/jik.v8i2.152
Hetrick, S. E., Subasinghe, A., Anglin, K., Hart, L., Morgan, A., & Robinson, J. (2020). Understanding the Needs of Young People Who Engage in Self-Harm: A Qualitative Investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(January), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02916
Janssens, J. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Lafit, G., Achterhof, R., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Lecei, A., & Kirtley, O. J. (2022). Lifetime and Current Self-Harm Thoughts and Behaviors and Their Relationship to Parent and Peer Attachment. Crisis. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000878
Kandar, Dwi Cahyaningrum, D., & Kusuma Dewi, R. (2024). Manajemen Individu dengan Resiko Self-Harm: Mengelola Resiko dan Bahayanya pada Diri Sendiri. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa (JKJ): Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia, 12(1), 1–8. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/JKJ/article/viewFile/13092/pdf
Lindgren, B. M., Wikander, T., Neyra Marklund, I., & Molin, J. (2022). A Necessary Pain: A Literature Review of Young People’s Experiences of Self-Harm. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(2), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2021.1948640
Lumban Gaol, N. T. (2016). Teori Stres: Stimulus, Respons, dan Transaksional. Buletin Psikologi, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/bpsi.11224
Putri, A. F. (2019). Pentingnya Orang Dewasa Awal Menyelesaikan Tugas Perkembangannya. SCHOULID: Indonesian Journal of School Counseling, 3(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.23916/08430011
Putri, A. R. H., & Rahmasari, D. (2021). Disregulasi Emosi pada Perempuan Dewasa Awal yang Melakukan Self Injury. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(6), 1–16. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/character/article/view/41524
Rodham, K. (2005). Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents: The Importance of Gender. Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/deliberate-self-harm-adolescents-importance-gender
Sadath, A., Troya, M. I., Nicholson, S., Cully, G., Leahy, D., Ramos Costa, A. P., Benson, R., Corcoran, P., Griffin, E., Phillip, E., Cassidy, E., Jeffers, A., Shiely, F., Alberdi-Páramo, Í., Kavalidou, K., & Arensman, E. (2023). Physical and Mental Illness Comorbidity among Individuals with Frequent Self-Harm Episodes: A Mixed-Methods Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14(March), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1121313
Shafira, A. N., & Hargiana, G. (2022). Self-Harm Behavior among Nursing Students. Jurnal Kesehatan, 11(2), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.46815/jk.v11i2.83
Sibarani, D. M., Niman, S., & Widiantoro, F. (2021). Self-Harm dan Depresi pada Dewasa Muda. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 9(4), 795–802. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/JKJ/article/view/8139
Stinson, J. D., Gretak, A. P., Carpenter, R. K., & Quinn, M. A. (2021). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicidality and Self-Harm in Persons in Secure Forensic Care. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 49(4), 553–564. https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.210007-21
Susi, K., Glover-Ford, F., Stewart, A., Knowles Bevis, R., & Hawton, K. (2023). Research Review: Viewing Self-Harm Images on the Internet and Social Media Platforms: Systematic Review of the Impact and Associated Psychological Mechanisms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 64(8), 1115–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13754
Syafitri, W., & Idris, M. (2022). The Relationship of Parenting Patterns in Adolescent with Self Injury in RT 009 RW 005 Kelurahan Utan Kayu Selatan, Matraman District East Jakarta. Afiat, 8(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.34005/afiat.v8i1.2492
Tang, J., Yang, W., Ahmed, N. I., Ma, Y., Liu, H. Y., Wang, J. J., Wang, P. X., Du, Y. K., & Yu, Y. Z. (2016). Stressful Life Events as a Predictor for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Southern Chinese Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicine (United States), 95(9), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002637
Tarigan, T., & Apsari, N. C. (2022). Perilaku Self-Harm atau Melukai Diri Sendiri yang Dilakukan oleh Remaja (Self-Harm or Self-Injuring Behavior by Adolescents). Focus : Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 4(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.24198/focus.v4i2.31405
Verenisa, A., Suryani, & Sriati, A. (2021). Gambaran Self-Injury Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 4(1), 43–56. https://journal.ppnijateng.org/index.php/jikj/article/view/800
Wahyuni, T., Parliani, & Hayati, D. (2021). Buku Ajar Keperawatan Keluarga - Dilengkapi Riset dan Praktik. CV Jejak. https://repo.stikmuhptk.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/311/1/Buku Ajar Keperawatan Keluarga.pdf
Woodley, S., Hodge, S., Jones, K., & Holding, A. (2021). How Individuals who Self-Harm Manage Their Own Risk—‘I Cope Because I Self-Harm, and I Can Cope with My Self-Harm.’ Psychological Reports, 124(5), 1998–2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120945178
Yudiati, E. A., Yuwono, D., Sugiharto, P., Purwanto, E., & Sunawan, S. (2022). Peran Relasi dalam Keluarga dalam Membentuk Konsep Self pada Wanita Pelaku Self-Injury. Peran Relasi Dalam Keluarga Dalam Membentuk Konsep Self Pada Wanita Pelaku Self-Injury, 367–371. http://pps.unnes.ac.id/pps2/prodi/prosiding-pascasarjana-unnes
Zakaria, Z. Y. H., & Theresa, R. M. (2020). Faktor-faktor Yang Memengaruhi Perilaku Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) pada Remaja Putri. Journal of Psychological Science and Profession, 4(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v4i2.26404
Zhou, H., Luo, Y.-H., Shi, L., & Gong, J. (2023). Exploring Psychological and Psychosocial Correlates of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Suicide in College Students using Network Analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 336, 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.089
Agustin, D., Fatria, R. Q., & Febrayosi, P. (2019). Analisis Butir Self-Harm Inventory. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, Dan Seni, 3(2), 396. https://doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v3i2.3880
Amelia Azzahra, Sri Wahyuni, & Arneliwati, A. (2023). Hubungan Stres Akademis dan Non Akademis terhadap Perilaku Self-Harm pada Mahasiswa Universitas Riau. Jurnal Nurse, 6(1), 01–12. https://doi.org/10.57213/nurse.v6i1.134
Arendt, F., Scherr, S., & Romer, D. (2019). Effects of Exposure to Self-Harm on Social Media: Evidence from a Two-wave Panel Study among Young Adults. New Media and Society, 21(11–12), 2422–2442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819850106
Brown, R. C., Fischer, T., Goldwich, D. A., & Plener, P. L. (2020). “I Just Finally Wanted to Belong Somewhere”—Qualitative Analysis of Experiences with Posting Pictures of Self-Injury on Instagram. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(April), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00274
Bucur, A., Ursoniu, S., Caraion-Buzdea, C., Ciobanu, V., Florescu, S., & Vladescu, C. (2020). Aggressive Behaviors among 15–16-year-old Romanian High School Students: Results From Two Consecutive Surveys Related to Alcohol and Other Drug Use at The European Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103670
Chantika, R., Shalsabilla, P., Pratikto, H., & Aristawati, A. R. (2023). Self Injury pada Dewasa Awal : Bagaimana Peranan Self Awareness? Journal of Psychological Research, 2(4), 764–771. https://aksiologi.org/index.php/inner/article/download/809/565/4946
Connor, D. F., Newcorn, J. H., Saylor, K. E., Amann, B. H., Scahill, L., Robb, A. S., Jensen, P. S., Vitiello, B., Findling, R. L., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2019). Maladaptive Aggression: With a Focus on Impulsive Aggression in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 29(8), 576–591. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2019.0039
Curtis, S., Thorn, P., McRoberts, A., Hetrick, S., Rice, S., & Robinson, J. (2018). Caring for Young People Who Self-Harm: A review of perspectives from families and young people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050950
Elon, Y., Malinti, E., Sihombing, R. M., Rukmi, D. K., Tandilangi, A. A., Rahmi, U., Damayanti, D., Manalu, N. V., Koerniawan, D., Winahyu, K. M., Manurung, A., Mandias, R., Khusniyah, Z., Widodo, D., Jainurakhma, J., Mukarromah, I., & Rini, M. T. (2021). Teori dan Model Keperawatan (1st ed.). Yaysan Kita Menulis.
Fenty Zahara Nasution, & Selly Angraini. (2021). Gambaran Perilaku Self Harm pada Remaja. Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Kesehatan, 1(1), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.55606/jrik.v1i1.3028
Gardner, K. J., Paul, E., Selby, E. A., Klonsky, E. D., & Mars, B. (2021). Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Functions as Pathways to Future Self-Harm Repetition and Suicide Attempts. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.688472
Hastuti, R. Y., & Baiti, E. N. (2019). Hubungan Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Tingkat Stress pada Remaja. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 8(2), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.35952/jik.v8i2.152
Hetrick, S. E., Subasinghe, A., Anglin, K., Hart, L., Morgan, A., & Robinson, J. (2020). Understanding the Needs of Young People Who Engage in Self-Harm: A Qualitative Investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(January), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02916
Janssens, J. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Lafit, G., Achterhof, R., Hagemann, N., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Lecei, A., & Kirtley, O. J. (2022). Lifetime and Current Self-Harm Thoughts and Behaviors and Their Relationship to Parent and Peer Attachment. Crisis. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000878
Kandar, Dwi Cahyaningrum, D., & Kusuma Dewi, R. (2024). Manajemen Individu dengan Resiko Self-Harm: Mengelola Resiko dan Bahayanya pada Diri Sendiri. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa (JKJ): Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia, 12(1), 1–8. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/JKJ/article/viewFile/13092/pdf
Lindgren, B. M., Wikander, T., Neyra Marklund, I., & Molin, J. (2022). A Necessary Pain: A Literature Review of Young People’s Experiences of Self-Harm. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 43(2), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2021.1948640
Lumban Gaol, N. T. (2016). Teori Stres: Stimulus, Respons, dan Transaksional. Buletin Psikologi, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/bpsi.11224
Putri, A. F. (2019). Pentingnya Orang Dewasa Awal Menyelesaikan Tugas Perkembangannya. SCHOULID: Indonesian Journal of School Counseling, 3(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.23916/08430011
Putri, A. R. H., & Rahmasari, D. (2021). Disregulasi Emosi pada Perempuan Dewasa Awal yang Melakukan Self Injury. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(6), 1–16. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/character/article/view/41524
Rodham, K. (2005). Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents: The Importance of Gender. Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/deliberate-self-harm-adolescents-importance-gender
Sadath, A., Troya, M. I., Nicholson, S., Cully, G., Leahy, D., Ramos Costa, A. P., Benson, R., Corcoran, P., Griffin, E., Phillip, E., Cassidy, E., Jeffers, A., Shiely, F., Alberdi-Páramo, Í., Kavalidou, K., & Arensman, E. (2023). Physical and Mental Illness Comorbidity among Individuals with Frequent Self-Harm Episodes: A Mixed-Methods Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14(March), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1121313
Shafira, A. N., & Hargiana, G. (2022). Self-Harm Behavior among Nursing Students. Jurnal Kesehatan, 11(2), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.46815/jk.v11i2.83
Sibarani, D. M., Niman, S., & Widiantoro, F. (2021). Self-Harm dan Depresi pada Dewasa Muda. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 9(4), 795–802. https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/JKJ/article/view/8139
Stinson, J. D., Gretak, A. P., Carpenter, R. K., & Quinn, M. A. (2021). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicidality and Self-Harm in Persons in Secure Forensic Care. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 49(4), 553–564. https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.210007-21
Susi, K., Glover-Ford, F., Stewart, A., Knowles Bevis, R., & Hawton, K. (2023). Research Review: Viewing Self-Harm Images on the Internet and Social Media Platforms: Systematic Review of the Impact and Associated Psychological Mechanisms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 64(8), 1115–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13754
Syafitri, W., & Idris, M. (2022). The Relationship of Parenting Patterns in Adolescent with Self Injury in RT 009 RW 005 Kelurahan Utan Kayu Selatan, Matraman District East Jakarta. Afiat, 8(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.34005/afiat.v8i1.2492
Tang, J., Yang, W., Ahmed, N. I., Ma, Y., Liu, H. Y., Wang, J. J., Wang, P. X., Du, Y. K., & Yu, Y. Z. (2016). Stressful Life Events as a Predictor for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Southern Chinese Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicine (United States), 95(9), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002637
Tarigan, T., & Apsari, N. C. (2022). Perilaku Self-Harm atau Melukai Diri Sendiri yang Dilakukan oleh Remaja (Self-Harm or Self-Injuring Behavior by Adolescents). Focus : Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 4(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.24198/focus.v4i2.31405
Verenisa, A., Suryani, & Sriati, A. (2021). Gambaran Self-Injury Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 4(1), 43–56. https://journal.ppnijateng.org/index.php/jikj/article/view/800
Wahyuni, T., Parliani, & Hayati, D. (2021). Buku Ajar Keperawatan Keluarga - Dilengkapi Riset dan Praktik. CV Jejak. https://repo.stikmuhptk.ac.id/jspui/bitstream/123456789/311/1/Buku Ajar Keperawatan Keluarga.pdf
Woodley, S., Hodge, S., Jones, K., & Holding, A. (2021). How Individuals who Self-Harm Manage Their Own Risk—‘I Cope Because I Self-Harm, and I Can Cope with My Self-Harm.’ Psychological Reports, 124(5), 1998–2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120945178
Yudiati, E. A., Yuwono, D., Sugiharto, P., Purwanto, E., & Sunawan, S. (2022). Peran Relasi dalam Keluarga dalam Membentuk Konsep Self pada Wanita Pelaku Self-Injury. Peran Relasi Dalam Keluarga Dalam Membentuk Konsep Self Pada Wanita Pelaku Self-Injury, 367–371. http://pps.unnes.ac.id/pps2/prodi/prosiding-pascasarjana-unnes
Zakaria, Z. Y. H., & Theresa, R. M. (2020). Faktor-faktor Yang Memengaruhi Perilaku Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) pada Remaja Putri. Journal of Psychological Science and Profession, 4(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v4i2.26404
Zhou, H., Luo, Y.-H., Shi, L., & Gong, J. (2023). Exploring Psychological and Psychosocial Correlates of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Suicide in College Students using Network Analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 336, 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.089
Published
2024-10-25
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Michelle Christine Sambuaga, Akemat Akemat, Khrisna Wisnusakti, Mustikasari Mustikasari, Rahmi Imelisa
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