Kecerdasan Emosional dan Dukungan Atasan sebagai Determinan Komitmen Perawat di Era Pandemi COVID-19
Abstract
This study aims to identify the determinants of nurses' commitment to providing nursing care in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research design used a cross-sectional approach involving 221 nurses and team leaders at two public hospitals in West Kalimantan. The results showed that the determinants of nurses' commitment in providing nursing care in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic were emotional intelligence (p=0.001) and superior support (p=0.009). Each additional emotional intelligence point and support from superiors will increase nurses' commitment to providing nursing care by 0.239 times and 0.125 times, respectively. Factors of age, length of work, gender, education level, marital status, and work unit room were not related to nursing commitment (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the factor most related to nurses' responsibility in providing nursing care in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic is emotional intelligence.
Keywords: Nursing Care, COVID-19, Superior Support, Emotional Intelligence, Nurse Commitment
References
Al-Hamdan, Z. M., Muhsen, A., Alhamdan, M., Rayan, A., Banyhamdan, K., & Bawadi, H. (2020). Emotional Intelligence and Intent to Stay among Nurses Employed in Jordanian Hospitals. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(2), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12932
Alsufyani, A. M., Baker, O. G., & Alsufyani, Y. M. (2020). Consequences of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing: A Concept Analysis. Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 3(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.15218/ejnm.2020.10
Barac, I., Prlic, N., Pluzaric, J., Farcic, N., & Kovacevic, S. (2018). The Mediating Role of Nurses’ Professional Commitment in the Relationship between Core Self-Evaluation and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 31(5), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01256
Bittinger, A. C., Dunn, K., Anne Hranchook, D. N. P., & Codier, E. (2020). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress Levels Among Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists. AANA Journal, 88(5), 398–404. http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/display_article.php?id=3777397&view=675133
Chang, Y. P., Lee, D. C., Chang, S. C., Lee, Y. H., & Wang, H. H. (2019). Influence of Work Excitement and Workplace Violence on Professional Commitment and Turnover Intention among Hospital Nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(11–12), 2171–2180. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14808
Choi, S. Y. (2021). Concept Analysis of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing. Journal of the Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing, 28(2), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.7739/JKAFN.2021.28.2.263
Dewi, A., Hariyati, R. T. S., & Dewi, L. (2021). Pengembangan Panduan Peran dan Fungsi Top Manajer Keperawatan di Rumah Sakit. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2065
Gao, X., Jiang, L., Hu, Y., Li, L., & Hou, L. (2020). Nurses’ Experiences Regarding Shift Patterns in Isolation Wards during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21–22), 4270–4280. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15464
GarcÃa-Moyano, L., Altisent, R., Pellicer-GarcÃa, B., Guerrero-Portillo, S., Arrazola-Alberdi, O., & Delgado-MarroquÃn, M. T. (2019). A Concept Analysis of Professional Commitment in Nursing. Nursing Ethics, 26(3), 778–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017720847
Gonzalez-Gil, M. T., Gonzalez-Blazquez, C., Parro-Moreno, A. I., Pedraz-Marcos, A., Palmar-Santos, A., Otero-Garcia, L., Navarta-Sanchez, M. V., Alcolea-CosÃn, M. T., Argüello-López, M. T., Canalejas-Pérez, C., Carrillo-Camacho, M. E., Casillas-Santana, M. L., DÃaz-MartÃnez, M. L., GarcÃa-González, A., GarcÃa-Perea, E., MartÃnez-Marcos, M., MartÃnez-MartÃn, M. L., Palazuelos-Puerta, M. del P., Sellán-Soto, C., & Oter-Quintana, C. (2021). Nurses’ Perceptions and Demands Regarding COVID-19 Care Delivery in Critical Care Units and Hospital Emergency Services. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102966
Grol, R., & Wensing, M. (2020). Planning and Organizing the Change Process. Improving Patient Care, 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119488620.ch4
Havaei, F., Ma, A., Staempfli, S., & Macphee, M. (2021). Nurses’ Workplace Conditions Impacting Their Mental Health during Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(1),84. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010084
Hoeve, Y. T., Brouwer, J., & Kunnen, S. (2020). Turnover Prevention: The Direct and Indirect Association Between Organizational Job Stressors, Negative Emotions and Professional Commitment in Novice Nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(3), 836–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14281
Hu, S. H., Yu, Y., Chang, W., & Lin, Y. (2018). Social Support and Factors Associated with Selfâ€Efficacy among Acuteâ€Care Nurse Practitioners. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(3–4), 876–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14129
Jackson, J. (2021). Supporting Nurses’ Recovery During and Following the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 36(3), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2021.e11661
Jafaraghaee, F., Ebadi, A., Negarandeh, R., & Mehrdad, N. (2017). A Professional Commitment Scale for Clinical Nurses: A Study Protocol. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 31(1), 817–822. https://doi.org/10.14196/mjiri.31.123
Jnaneswar, K. (2019). Predictive Power of Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction: A Study Amongst Nurses. Review of Professional Management, 17(2), 1–9. DOI: 10.20968/rpm/2019/v17/i2/149808.
Jurado, M. D. M. M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., MartÃn, A. B. B., Linares, J. J. G., Ruiz, N. F. O., & Márquez, M. D. M. S. (2020). Emotional Intelligence Components as Predictors of Engagement in Nursing Professionals by Sex. Healthcare (Switzerland), 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010042
Khattak, S. R., Saeed, I., Rehman, S. U., & Fayaz, M. (2021). Impact of Fear of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Nurses in Pakistan. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(5), 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1814580
Kumari, D. S. V. K., & Das, V. T. (2020). Emotional Intelligence Impact on Employee Performance - Centric to Select Public Sector Hospitals in Coastal Andhra Pradesh. EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review, 8(11), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra5628
Lawal, A. M., & Idemudia, E. S. (2017). The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Organisational Support on Work Stress of Nurses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Curationis, 40(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v40i1.1715
Liu, W., Zhao, S., Shi, L., Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Li, L., Duan, X., Li, G., Lou, F., Jia, X., Fan, L., Sun, T., & Ni, X. (2018). Workplace Violence, Job Satisfaction, Burnout, Perceived Organisational Support and Their Effects on Turnover Intention among Chinese Nurses in Tertiary Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMJ Open, 8(6).1-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019525
Maay, J. K. R., Rumaseb, E., & Hermanus, A. (2019). The Relationship Between Nurse Caring Behavior and Patient Satisfaction Level at Inpatient Wards of Bayangkara Hospital Jayapura. Scopus IJPHRD Citation Score, 10(7), 1179-1183. https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.01744.3
Markey, K., Ventura, C. A. A., Donnell, C. O., & Doody, O. (2021). Cultivating Ethical Leadership in the Recovery of COVID-19. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(2), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13191
Mukaihata, T., Fujimoto, H., & Greiner, C. (2020). Factors Influencing Work Engagement among Psychiatric Nurses in Japan. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(2), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12923
Neves, T. M. A., Parreira, P. M. S. D., Graveto, J. M. G. N., Freitas, M. J. B. dos S. de, & Rodrigues, V. J. L. (2020). Nurse Managers’ Perceptions of Nurse Staffing and Nursing Care Quality: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Management, 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12966
Nightingale, S., Spiby, H., Sheen, K., & Slade, P. (2018). The Impact of Emotional Intelligence in Health Care Professionals on Caring Behaviour towards Patients in Clinical and Long-Term Care Settings: Findings from an Integrative Review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 80, 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.006
Perez-Fuentes, M. del C., Molero Jurado, M. del M., Gazquez Linares, J. J., & Oropesa Ruiz, N. F. (2018). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Engagement in Nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091915
Phungsoonthorn, T., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2019). Antecedents and Outcomes Associated with a Sense of Place toward the Organization of Myanmar Migrant Workers in Thailand. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 39(2), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-06-2019-0177
Qureshi, M. A., Utara, U., Kamal Bin, M., Hamid, A., Ali, R., Utara, U., Noor, M., Brohi, A., Mir, S., & Shah, M. (2018). Is Supervisor Support Matter in Job Satisfaction? A Moderating Role of Fairness Perception among Nurses in Pakistan. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(6), 1–10. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noor-Brohi/publication/329337010
Raghubir, A. E. (2018). Emotional Intelligence in Professional Nursing Practice: A Concept Review Using Rodgers’s Evolutionary Analysis Approach. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 5(2), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.03.004
Sat, S. O., Akbas, P., & Sozbir, S. Y. (2021). Nurses’ Exposure to Violence and Their Professional Commitment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(13–14), 2036–2047. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15760
Skiba, T., & Wildman, J. L. (2019). Uncertainty Reducer, Exchange Deepener, or Self-Determination Enhancer? Feeling Trust Versus Feeling Trusted in Supervisor-Subordinate Relationships. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9537-x
Thomson, A. E., Racher, F., & Clements, K. (2019). Caring for the Entire Unit: Psychiatric Nurses’ Use of Awareness. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(9), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20190528-03
Toyama, H., & Mauno, S. (2017). Associations of Trait Emotional Intelligence with Social Support, Work Engagement, and Creativity in Japanese Eldercare Nurses. Japanese Psychological Research, 59(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12139
Turale, S., Meechamnan, C., & Kunaviktikul, W. (2020). Nursing and Health Policy Perspectives Challenging Times : Ethics, Nursing and the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Nursing Review, 67(2), 164–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12598
Wang, X., Liu, L., Zou, F., Hao, J., & Wu, H. (2017). Associations of Occupational Stressors, Perceived Organizational Support, and Psychological Capital with Work Engagement among Chinese Female Nurses. BioMed Research International, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5284628
White, D. E., & Grason, S. (2019). The Importance of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Care. Journal of Comprehensive Nursing Research and Care, 4, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.33790/jcnrc1100152
Wildgruber, D., Frey, J., Seer, M., Pinther, K., Koob, C., & Reuschenbach, B. (2020). Work Engagement and Stress Experience of Health Professionals in Times of the Corona Pandemic. Pflege, 33(5), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1024/1012-5302/a000759
Younas, A. (2020). Self-Awareness: A Tool for Providing Culturally Competent Care. Nursing, 50(2), 61–63.https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000651628.71776.b3
Yuliana, E., Hariyati, R. T. S., & Rusdiansyah, R. (2021). Supervisi Berjenjang di Era Pandemi COVID-19 dalam Manajemen Keperawatan. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2228
Alsufyani, A. M., Baker, O. G., & Alsufyani, Y. M. (2020). Consequences of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing: A Concept Analysis. Erbil Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 3(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.15218/ejnm.2020.10
Barac, I., Prlic, N., Pluzaric, J., Farcic, N., & Kovacevic, S. (2018). The Mediating Role of Nurses’ Professional Commitment in the Relationship between Core Self-Evaluation and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 31(5), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01256
Bittinger, A. C., Dunn, K., Anne Hranchook, D. N. P., & Codier, E. (2020). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress Levels Among Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists. AANA Journal, 88(5), 398–404. http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/display_article.php?id=3777397&view=675133
Chang, Y. P., Lee, D. C., Chang, S. C., Lee, Y. H., & Wang, H. H. (2019). Influence of Work Excitement and Workplace Violence on Professional Commitment and Turnover Intention among Hospital Nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(11–12), 2171–2180. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14808
Choi, S. Y. (2021). Concept Analysis of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing. Journal of the Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing, 28(2), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.7739/JKAFN.2021.28.2.263
Dewi, A., Hariyati, R. T. S., & Dewi, L. (2021). Pengembangan Panduan Peran dan Fungsi Top Manajer Keperawatan di Rumah Sakit. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2065
Gao, X., Jiang, L., Hu, Y., Li, L., & Hou, L. (2020). Nurses’ Experiences Regarding Shift Patterns in Isolation Wards during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21–22), 4270–4280. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15464
GarcÃa-Moyano, L., Altisent, R., Pellicer-GarcÃa, B., Guerrero-Portillo, S., Arrazola-Alberdi, O., & Delgado-MarroquÃn, M. T. (2019). A Concept Analysis of Professional Commitment in Nursing. Nursing Ethics, 26(3), 778–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017720847
Gonzalez-Gil, M. T., Gonzalez-Blazquez, C., Parro-Moreno, A. I., Pedraz-Marcos, A., Palmar-Santos, A., Otero-Garcia, L., Navarta-Sanchez, M. V., Alcolea-CosÃn, M. T., Argüello-López, M. T., Canalejas-Pérez, C., Carrillo-Camacho, M. E., Casillas-Santana, M. L., DÃaz-MartÃnez, M. L., GarcÃa-González, A., GarcÃa-Perea, E., MartÃnez-Marcos, M., MartÃnez-MartÃn, M. L., Palazuelos-Puerta, M. del P., Sellán-Soto, C., & Oter-Quintana, C. (2021). Nurses’ Perceptions and Demands Regarding COVID-19 Care Delivery in Critical Care Units and Hospital Emergency Services. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102966
Grol, R., & Wensing, M. (2020). Planning and Organizing the Change Process. Improving Patient Care, 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119488620.ch4
Havaei, F., Ma, A., Staempfli, S., & Macphee, M. (2021). Nurses’ Workplace Conditions Impacting Their Mental Health during Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(1),84. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010084
Hoeve, Y. T., Brouwer, J., & Kunnen, S. (2020). Turnover Prevention: The Direct and Indirect Association Between Organizational Job Stressors, Negative Emotions and Professional Commitment in Novice Nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(3), 836–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14281
Hu, S. H., Yu, Y., Chang, W., & Lin, Y. (2018). Social Support and Factors Associated with Selfâ€Efficacy among Acuteâ€Care Nurse Practitioners. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(3–4), 876–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14129
Jackson, J. (2021). Supporting Nurses’ Recovery During and Following the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 36(3), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2021.e11661
Jafaraghaee, F., Ebadi, A., Negarandeh, R., & Mehrdad, N. (2017). A Professional Commitment Scale for Clinical Nurses: A Study Protocol. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 31(1), 817–822. https://doi.org/10.14196/mjiri.31.123
Jnaneswar, K. (2019). Predictive Power of Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction: A Study Amongst Nurses. Review of Professional Management, 17(2), 1–9. DOI: 10.20968/rpm/2019/v17/i2/149808.
Jurado, M. D. M. M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., MartÃn, A. B. B., Linares, J. J. G., Ruiz, N. F. O., & Márquez, M. D. M. S. (2020). Emotional Intelligence Components as Predictors of Engagement in Nursing Professionals by Sex. Healthcare (Switzerland), 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010042
Khattak, S. R., Saeed, I., Rehman, S. U., & Fayaz, M. (2021). Impact of Fear of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Nurses in Pakistan. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(5), 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1814580
Kumari, D. S. V. K., & Das, V. T. (2020). Emotional Intelligence Impact on Employee Performance - Centric to Select Public Sector Hospitals in Coastal Andhra Pradesh. EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review, 8(11), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra5628
Lawal, A. M., & Idemudia, E. S. (2017). The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Organisational Support on Work Stress of Nurses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Curationis, 40(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v40i1.1715
Liu, W., Zhao, S., Shi, L., Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Li, L., Duan, X., Li, G., Lou, F., Jia, X., Fan, L., Sun, T., & Ni, X. (2018). Workplace Violence, Job Satisfaction, Burnout, Perceived Organisational Support and Their Effects on Turnover Intention among Chinese Nurses in Tertiary Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMJ Open, 8(6).1-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019525
Maay, J. K. R., Rumaseb, E., & Hermanus, A. (2019). The Relationship Between Nurse Caring Behavior and Patient Satisfaction Level at Inpatient Wards of Bayangkara Hospital Jayapura. Scopus IJPHRD Citation Score, 10(7), 1179-1183. https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.01744.3
Markey, K., Ventura, C. A. A., Donnell, C. O., & Doody, O. (2021). Cultivating Ethical Leadership in the Recovery of COVID-19. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(2), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13191
Mukaihata, T., Fujimoto, H., & Greiner, C. (2020). Factors Influencing Work Engagement among Psychiatric Nurses in Japan. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(2), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12923
Neves, T. M. A., Parreira, P. M. S. D., Graveto, J. M. G. N., Freitas, M. J. B. dos S. de, & Rodrigues, V. J. L. (2020). Nurse Managers’ Perceptions of Nurse Staffing and Nursing Care Quality: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Management, 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12966
Nightingale, S., Spiby, H., Sheen, K., & Slade, P. (2018). The Impact of Emotional Intelligence in Health Care Professionals on Caring Behaviour towards Patients in Clinical and Long-Term Care Settings: Findings from an Integrative Review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 80, 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.006
Perez-Fuentes, M. del C., Molero Jurado, M. del M., Gazquez Linares, J. J., & Oropesa Ruiz, N. F. (2018). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Engagement in Nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091915
Phungsoonthorn, T., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2019). Antecedents and Outcomes Associated with a Sense of Place toward the Organization of Myanmar Migrant Workers in Thailand. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 39(2), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-06-2019-0177
Qureshi, M. A., Utara, U., Kamal Bin, M., Hamid, A., Ali, R., Utara, U., Noor, M., Brohi, A., Mir, S., & Shah, M. (2018). Is Supervisor Support Matter in Job Satisfaction? A Moderating Role of Fairness Perception among Nurses in Pakistan. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(6), 1–10. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noor-Brohi/publication/329337010
Raghubir, A. E. (2018). Emotional Intelligence in Professional Nursing Practice: A Concept Review Using Rodgers’s Evolutionary Analysis Approach. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 5(2), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.03.004
Sat, S. O., Akbas, P., & Sozbir, S. Y. (2021). Nurses’ Exposure to Violence and Their Professional Commitment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(13–14), 2036–2047. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15760
Skiba, T., & Wildman, J. L. (2019). Uncertainty Reducer, Exchange Deepener, or Self-Determination Enhancer? Feeling Trust Versus Feeling Trusted in Supervisor-Subordinate Relationships. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9537-x
Thomson, A. E., Racher, F., & Clements, K. (2019). Caring for the Entire Unit: Psychiatric Nurses’ Use of Awareness. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(9), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20190528-03
Toyama, H., & Mauno, S. (2017). Associations of Trait Emotional Intelligence with Social Support, Work Engagement, and Creativity in Japanese Eldercare Nurses. Japanese Psychological Research, 59(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12139
Turale, S., Meechamnan, C., & Kunaviktikul, W. (2020). Nursing and Health Policy Perspectives Challenging Times : Ethics, Nursing and the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Nursing Review, 67(2), 164–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12598
Wang, X., Liu, L., Zou, F., Hao, J., & Wu, H. (2017). Associations of Occupational Stressors, Perceived Organizational Support, and Psychological Capital with Work Engagement among Chinese Female Nurses. BioMed Research International, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5284628
White, D. E., & Grason, S. (2019). The Importance of Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Care. Journal of Comprehensive Nursing Research and Care, 4, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.33790/jcnrc1100152
Wildgruber, D., Frey, J., Seer, M., Pinther, K., Koob, C., & Reuschenbach, B. (2020). Work Engagement and Stress Experience of Health Professionals in Times of the Corona Pandemic. Pflege, 33(5), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1024/1012-5302/a000759
Younas, A. (2020). Self-Awareness: A Tool for Providing Culturally Competent Care. Nursing, 50(2), 61–63.https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000651628.71776.b3
Yuliana, E., Hariyati, R. T. S., & Rusdiansyah, R. (2021). Supervisi Berjenjang di Era Pandemi COVID-19 dalam Manajemen Keperawatan. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2228
