Dampak Situasi Pandemi COVID-19 terhadap Tumbuh Kembang Anak
Abstract
This study aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic situation on children's growth and development. The method used is a systematic study examining 11 articles related to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's growth and development using ProQuest, CINAHL, Wiley, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on children's growth, social development of children's independence, language, fine motor skills, and gross motor skills. In conclusion, the destructive effects experienced by children while at home are stress, no opportunity to play with friends, reduced activity, weight gain, longer sleep time, increased sitting time and increased screen time. The good impact of this pandemic on individual children is that there is a positive adaptation to the process of growth and development through the maturation process and the social bonding of children and parents becomes closer.
Keywords: Children, Parents, COVID-19 Pandemic, Stimulation of Growth
References
Adegboye, D., Williams, F., Collishaw, S., Shelton, K., Langley, K., Hobson, C., Burley, D., & van Goozen, S. (2021). Understanding Why the COVIDâ€19 Pandemicâ€Related Lockdown Increases Mental Health Difficulties in Vulnerable Young Children. JCPP Advances, 1(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcv2.12005
Aizer, A., & Brooks-Cunn, J. (2020). Balancing Family and Work during a Child’s First Years. Future of Children, 1–6. https://futureofchildren.princeton.edu/sites/futureofchildren/files/2140123_foc_policy_brief_spring_2021_-_cs7_version.pdf
Androutsos, O., Perperidi, M., Georgiou, C., & Chouliaras, G. (2021). Lifestyle Changes and Determinants of Children’s and Adolescents’ Body Weight Increase during The First COVID-19 Lockdown in Greece: The COV-EAT Study. Nutrients, 13(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030930
Araújo, L. A. de, Veloso, C. F., Souza, M. de C., Azevedo, J. M. C. de, & Tarro, G. (2020). The Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Growth and Development: A Systematic Review. Jornal de Pediatria, 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.008
Bérubé, A., Clément, M., Lafantaisie, V., LeBlanc, A., Baron, M., Picher, G., Turgeon, J., Ruiz-Casares, M., & Lacharité, C. (2021). How Societal Responses to COVID-19 Could Contribute to Child Neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 116, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104761
Carroll, N., Sadowski, A., Laila, A., Hruska, V., Nixon, M., Ma, D. W. L., & Haines, J. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Health Behavior, Stress, Financial and Food Security among Middle to High Income Canadian Families with Young Children. Nutrients, 12(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082352
Chartier, S., Delhalle, M., Baiverlin, A., & Blavier, A. (2021). Parental Peritraumatic Distress and Feelings of Parental Competence in Relation to COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: What is the Impact on Children’s Peritraumatic Distress? European Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 5(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100191
Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., Blight, S., Hillis, S., Bachman, G., Green, O., Butchart, A., Tomlinson, M., Ward, C. L., Doubt, J., & McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a Time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30736-4
Cuartas, J. (2020). Heightened Risk of Child Maltreatment Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic Can Exacerbate Mental Health Problems for the Next Generation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597
Jansen, E., Thapaliya, G., Aghababian, A., Sadler, J., Smith, K., & Carnell, S. (2021). Parental Stress, Food Parenting Practices and Child Snack Intake during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Appetite, 161, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105119
Joseph R. Hageman, M. (2020). Current Status of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Influenza and COVID-19 Together, and COVID-19 Viral Variants. Pediatric Annals, 49(11), 448–449. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20201014-01
Kartiwi, M., Gunawan, T. S., Rahman, J. A., & Agustini, N. (2020). The Influence of Gender and Level of Education on Motivations for Seeking Health Information Online among Parents. 2020 8th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM50537.2020.9268904
Kazak, A. E. (2020). Psychology is an Essential Science: American Psychologist Highlights the Role of Psychology in Understanding and Addressing COVID-19. American Psychologist, 75(5), 605–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000682
Kemenkes RI. (2020). Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK. 01.07/Menkes/413/2020 tentang Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/download/KMK_No._HK.01.07-MENKES-413-2020_ttg_Pedoman_Pencegahan_dan_Pengendalian_COVID-19.pdf
Kemenkes RI. (2020). Panduan Kesehatan Balita pada Masa Tanggap Darurat COVID-19. https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/download/Panduan_Yankes_Balita_Pada_Masa_GapDar_Covid19_Bagi_Nakes.pdf
Kemenkes RI. (2021). Pusat Analisis Determinan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. http://www.padk.kemkes.go.id/article/read/2021/02/01/46/5-m-dimasa-pandemi-covid-19-di-indonesia.html
Khamsuk, A., & Whanchit, W. (2021). Storytelling: An Alternative Home Delivery of English Vocabulary for Preschoolers During COVID-19’s Lockdown in Southern Thailand. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/SAJCE.V11I1.897
Kracht, C. L., Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Staiano, A. E. (2021). Household Chaos, Family Routines, and Young Child Movement Behaviors in the U.S. during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10909-3
Lawson, M., Piel, M. H., & Simon, M. (2020). Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse towards Children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 110(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709
Leeb, R. T., Price, S., Sliwa, S., Kimball, A., Szucs, L., Caruso, E., Godfred-Cato, S., & Lozier, M. (2020). COVID-19 Trends among School-Aged Children — United States, March 1–September 19, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(39), 1410–1415. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6939e2
Liu, F., Luo, Z., Li, Y., Zheng, X., Zhang, C., & Qian, H. (2021). Revisiting Physical Distancing Threshold in Indoor Environment Using Infection-Risk-Based Modeling. Environment International, 153, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106542
McCormack, G. R., Doyle-Baker, P. K., Petersen, J. A., & Ghoneim, D. (2020). Parent Anxiety and Perceptions of Their Child’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101275
Padila, P., J, H., Andrianto, M., Sartika, A., & Ningrum, D. (2021). Pengalaman Orangtua dalam Merawat Anak Retardasi Mental. Jurnal Kesmas Asclepius, 3(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.31539/jka.v3i1.2163
Padila, P., Panzilion, P., Andri, J., Nurhayati, N., & J, H. (2021). Pengalaman Ibu Usia Remaja Melahirkan Anak di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2075
Panzilion, P., Padila, P., & Andri, J. (2021). Pengetahuan Stimulasi Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini oleh Guru. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2115
Panzilion, P., Padila, P., Tria, G., Amin, M., & Andri, J. (2020). Perkembangan Motorik Prasekolah antara Intervensi Brain Gym dengan Puzzle. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 3(2), 510-519. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v3i2.1120
Romero, E., López-Romero, L., DomÃnguez-álvarez, B., Villar, P., & Gómez-Fraguela, J. A. (2020). Testing the Effects Of Covid-19 Confinement in Spanish Children: the Role of Parents’ Distress, Emotional Problems and Specific Parenting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196975
Satgas COVID-19. (2021). Situasi COVID-19 di Indnesia. https://covid19.go.id/
Schmidt, S. C. E., Anedda, B., Burchartz, A., Eichsteller, A., Kolb, S., Nigg, C., Niessner, C., Oriwol, D., Worth, A., & Woll, A. (2020). Physical Activity and Screen Time of Children and Adolescents Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Germany: A Natural Experiment. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78438-4
Suprawoto, D. N., Hayati, H., Rachmawati, I. N., & Wanda, D. (2019). Fat Kids are Adorable: The Experiences of Mothers Caring for Overweight Children in Indonesia. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 42(1), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2019.1594454
Toran, M., Sak, R., Xu, Y., Şahin-Sak, İ. T., & Yu, Y. (2021). Parents and Children during the COVID-19 Quarantine Process: Experiences from Turkey and China. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 19(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X20977583
Velde, G. ten, Lubrecht, J., Arayess, L., van Loo, C., Hesselink, M., Reijnders, D., & Vreugdenhil, A. (2021). Physical Activity Behaviour and Screen Time in Dutch Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pre-, During- and Post-School Closures. Pediatric Obesity, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12779
World Health Organizarion (WHO). (2021). Naming the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and the Virus that Causes it. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
World Health Organizarion (WHO). (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents’ Lifestyle Behavior Larger than Expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(4), 531–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Britto, P. R., Dreyer, B., Leckman, J. F., Lye, S. J., Ponguta, L. A., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. (2020). Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions. Journal of Pediatrics, 223(1), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.020
Aizer, A., & Brooks-Cunn, J. (2020). Balancing Family and Work during a Child’s First Years. Future of Children, 1–6. https://futureofchildren.princeton.edu/sites/futureofchildren/files/2140123_foc_policy_brief_spring_2021_-_cs7_version.pdf
Androutsos, O., Perperidi, M., Georgiou, C., & Chouliaras, G. (2021). Lifestyle Changes and Determinants of Children’s and Adolescents’ Body Weight Increase during The First COVID-19 Lockdown in Greece: The COV-EAT Study. Nutrients, 13(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030930
Araújo, L. A. de, Veloso, C. F., Souza, M. de C., Azevedo, J. M. C. de, & Tarro, G. (2020). The Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Growth and Development: A Systematic Review. Jornal de Pediatria, 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.008
Bérubé, A., Clément, M., Lafantaisie, V., LeBlanc, A., Baron, M., Picher, G., Turgeon, J., Ruiz-Casares, M., & Lacharité, C. (2021). How Societal Responses to COVID-19 Could Contribute to Child Neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 116, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104761
Carroll, N., Sadowski, A., Laila, A., Hruska, V., Nixon, M., Ma, D. W. L., & Haines, J. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Health Behavior, Stress, Financial and Food Security among Middle to High Income Canadian Families with Young Children. Nutrients, 12(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082352
Chartier, S., Delhalle, M., Baiverlin, A., & Blavier, A. (2021). Parental Peritraumatic Distress and Feelings of Parental Competence in Relation to COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: What is the Impact on Children’s Peritraumatic Distress? European Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 5(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100191
Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., Blight, S., Hillis, S., Bachman, G., Green, O., Butchart, A., Tomlinson, M., Ward, C. L., Doubt, J., & McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a Time of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30736-4
Cuartas, J. (2020). Heightened Risk of Child Maltreatment Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic Can Exacerbate Mental Health Problems for the Next Generation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597
Jansen, E., Thapaliya, G., Aghababian, A., Sadler, J., Smith, K., & Carnell, S. (2021). Parental Stress, Food Parenting Practices and Child Snack Intake during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Appetite, 161, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105119
Joseph R. Hageman, M. (2020). Current Status of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Influenza and COVID-19 Together, and COVID-19 Viral Variants. Pediatric Annals, 49(11), 448–449. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20201014-01
Kartiwi, M., Gunawan, T. S., Rahman, J. A., & Agustini, N. (2020). The Influence of Gender and Level of Education on Motivations for Seeking Health Information Online among Parents. 2020 8th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM50537.2020.9268904
Kazak, A. E. (2020). Psychology is an Essential Science: American Psychologist Highlights the Role of Psychology in Understanding and Addressing COVID-19. American Psychologist, 75(5), 605–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000682
Kemenkes RI. (2020). Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK. 01.07/Menkes/413/2020 tentang Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/download/KMK_No._HK.01.07-MENKES-413-2020_ttg_Pedoman_Pencegahan_dan_Pengendalian_COVID-19.pdf
Kemenkes RI. (2020). Panduan Kesehatan Balita pada Masa Tanggap Darurat COVID-19. https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/download/Panduan_Yankes_Balita_Pada_Masa_GapDar_Covid19_Bagi_Nakes.pdf
Kemenkes RI. (2021). Pusat Analisis Determinan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. http://www.padk.kemkes.go.id/article/read/2021/02/01/46/5-m-dimasa-pandemi-covid-19-di-indonesia.html
Khamsuk, A., & Whanchit, W. (2021). Storytelling: An Alternative Home Delivery of English Vocabulary for Preschoolers During COVID-19’s Lockdown in Southern Thailand. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/SAJCE.V11I1.897
Kracht, C. L., Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Staiano, A. E. (2021). Household Chaos, Family Routines, and Young Child Movement Behaviors in the U.S. during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10909-3
Lawson, M., Piel, M. H., & Simon, M. (2020). Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse towards Children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 110(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709
Leeb, R. T., Price, S., Sliwa, S., Kimball, A., Szucs, L., Caruso, E., Godfred-Cato, S., & Lozier, M. (2020). COVID-19 Trends among School-Aged Children — United States, March 1–September 19, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(39), 1410–1415. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6939e2
Liu, F., Luo, Z., Li, Y., Zheng, X., Zhang, C., & Qian, H. (2021). Revisiting Physical Distancing Threshold in Indoor Environment Using Infection-Risk-Based Modeling. Environment International, 153, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106542
McCormack, G. R., Doyle-Baker, P. K., Petersen, J. A., & Ghoneim, D. (2020). Parent Anxiety and Perceptions of Their Child’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101275
Padila, P., J, H., Andrianto, M., Sartika, A., & Ningrum, D. (2021). Pengalaman Orangtua dalam Merawat Anak Retardasi Mental. Jurnal Kesmas Asclepius, 3(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.31539/jka.v3i1.2163
Padila, P., Panzilion, P., Andri, J., Nurhayati, N., & J, H. (2021). Pengalaman Ibu Usia Remaja Melahirkan Anak di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2075
Panzilion, P., Padila, P., & Andri, J. (2021). Pengetahuan Stimulasi Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini oleh Guru. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 3(1), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v3i1.2115
Panzilion, P., Padila, P., Tria, G., Amin, M., & Andri, J. (2020). Perkembangan Motorik Prasekolah antara Intervensi Brain Gym dengan Puzzle. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 3(2), 510-519. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v3i2.1120
Romero, E., López-Romero, L., DomÃnguez-álvarez, B., Villar, P., & Gómez-Fraguela, J. A. (2020). Testing the Effects Of Covid-19 Confinement in Spanish Children: the Role of Parents’ Distress, Emotional Problems and Specific Parenting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196975
Satgas COVID-19. (2021). Situasi COVID-19 di Indnesia. https://covid19.go.id/
Schmidt, S. C. E., Anedda, B., Burchartz, A., Eichsteller, A., Kolb, S., Nigg, C., Niessner, C., Oriwol, D., Worth, A., & Woll, A. (2020). Physical Activity and Screen Time of Children and Adolescents Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Germany: A Natural Experiment. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78438-4
Suprawoto, D. N., Hayati, H., Rachmawati, I. N., & Wanda, D. (2019). Fat Kids are Adorable: The Experiences of Mothers Caring for Overweight Children in Indonesia. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 42(1), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2019.1594454
Toran, M., Sak, R., Xu, Y., Şahin-Sak, İ. T., & Yu, Y. (2021). Parents and Children during the COVID-19 Quarantine Process: Experiences from Turkey and China. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 19(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X20977583
Velde, G. ten, Lubrecht, J., Arayess, L., van Loo, C., Hesselink, M., Reijnders, D., & Vreugdenhil, A. (2021). Physical Activity Behaviour and Screen Time in Dutch Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pre-, During- and Post-School Closures. Pediatric Obesity, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12779
World Health Organizarion (WHO). (2021). Naming the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and the Virus that Causes it. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
World Health Organizarion (WHO). (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents’ Lifestyle Behavior Larger than Expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(4), 531–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Britto, P. R., Dreyer, B., Leckman, J. F., Lye, S. J., Ponguta, L. A., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. (2020). Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions. Journal of Pediatrics, 223(1), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.020
