Kandungan Logam Berat Timah Hitam (Pb) dalam Urine Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Abstract
This study aims to determine the content of heavy metal lead (Pb) in the urine of elementary school (SD) students in Jambi City. The method used is a descriptive survey involving elementary school students near the highway with inclusion criteria, namely elementary school students in grades 2-6 and the distance from elementary school to the highway is less than 50 meters. The levels of lead in students' urine were measured using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results showed that the Pb content in the students' urine ranged from 0.024 ppm - 0.068 ppm. The highest level of vehicle density at SDN Jambi City adjacent to the highway is 1,520 vehicles/hour. In conclusion, the urine of elementary school students has lead levels that exceed the required limits, so it can be dangerous if left for a long time.
Keywords: Heavy Metals, Students, Lead, Urine
References
Al-Kindi, S. G., Brook, R. D., Biswal, S., & Rajagopalan, S. (2020). Environmental Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease: Lessons Learned from Air Pollution. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 17, 656–672. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0371-2
Arianto, M., & Ritonga, A. H. (2019). Analisa Kadar Pb pada Rambut Tukang Becak Sekitaran Jalan Kapten Muslim Medan. Jurnal Analis Laboratorium Medik, 4(1), 8–10. http://e-journal.sari-mutiara.ac.id/index.php/ALM/article/view/817/701
Baloch, S., Kazi, T. G., Baig, J. A., Afridi, H. I., & Arain, M. B. (2020). Occupational Exposure of Lead and Cadmium on Adolescent and Adult Workers of Battery Recycling and Welding Workshops: Adverse Impact on Health. Science of the Total Environment, 720, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137549
Bella, A. N. F. K., & Rappe, E. (2020). Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) pada Jajanan Gorengan di Kota Makassar. Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat, 20(1), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v20i1.1441
Chaichan, M. T., Kazem, H. A., & Abed, T. A. (2018). Traffic and Outdoor Air Pollution Levels Near Highways in Baghdad, Iraq. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20(2), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9900-x
Charkiewicz, A. E., & Backstrand, J. R. (2020). Lead Toxicity and Pollution in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124385
Ervianty, T. E., Ikhtiar, M., Bintara, A., Hasanuddin, H., & HaswrianiHabo, H. (2021). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan Timbal (Pb) pada Pa’limbang-limbang di Jl. Urip Sumoharjo Kota Makassar. Jurnal Sanitasi dan Lingkungan, 2(1), 128–138. https://e-journal.sttl-mataram.ac.id/index.php/jsl/article/view/33/26
Estikhamah, F., & Rumintang, A. (2020). Studi Literatur tentang Pengaruh Demand Bus Antar Kota terhadap Kualitas Udara di Area Terminal. Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 1(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.31284/j.jts.2020.v1i1.904
Fu, Z., & Xi, S. (2020). The Effects of Heavy Metals on Human Metabolism. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 30(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2019.1701594
Haruna, H., Lahming, L., Amir, F., & Asrib, A. R. (2019). Pencemaran Udara Akibat Gas Buang Kendaraan Bermotor dan Dampaknya terhadap Kesehatan. UNM Environmental Journals, 2(2), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.26858/uej.v2i2.10092
Indrayani, I., & Asfiati, S. (2018). Pencemaran Udara Akibat Kinerja Lalu-Lintas Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Medan. Jurnal Permukiman, 13(1), 13–20. http://jurnalpermukiman.pu.go.id/index.php/JP/article/view/274/pdf
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014
Momongan, A., Rokot, A., & Watung, A. T. (2019). Hubungan Lama Kerja dengan Paparan Timbal (Pb) dalam Urine pada Operator Percetakan di PT Manado Persada Madani. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 9(2), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v9i2.672
Prasetya, H. R. (2021). Hubungan Timbal Darah terhadap Kelainan Sel Darah pada Anak Jalanan di Kota Yogyakarta. Meditory: The Journal of Medical Laboratory, 9(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.33992/m.v9i1.1291
Rantesalu, A. (2021). Karakteristik Individu terhadap Timbal Darah dan Dampaknya pada Hb Pekerja Bengkel. Jurnal Kesehatan, 14(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.32763/juke.v14i1.212
Ruhban, A., & Wahidah, N. (2017). Tingkat Kuantitatif Pencemaran Logam Berat Timbel (Pb) dalam Udara Ambien di Terminal Malengkeri Kota Makassar. Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat, 17(1), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v17i1.683
Salsabilla, R. O., Pratama, B., & Angraini, D. I. (2020). Kadar Timbal Darah pada Kesehatan Anak. Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional, 2(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.37287/jppp.v2i2.54
Sari, N. N., Putri, L. N., & Agata, A. (2019). Hubungan Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) dengan Keterpaparan Logam Timbal (Pb) pada Petugas Tanda Pembayaran Retribusi (TPR) Dinas Perhubungan di Terminal Rajabasa Bandar Lampung. Bali Medika Jurnal, 6(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.36376/bmj.v6i1.63
Suwarja, S., Sopiti, J., & Rokot, A. (2019). Kadar Timbal (Pb) dalam Urine terhadap Lamanya Pedagang Kaki Lima Berjualan di Pasar 45 Kota Manado. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 9(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v9i2.671
Yuliantini, A., Noneng, N., & Juliana, V. (2018). Penetapan Kadar Timbal (Pb) pada Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah (PJAS) di Sekolah Dasar Cibiru. Medical Sains: Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 2(2), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.37874/ms.v2i2.48
Zeng, X., Huo, X., Xu, X., Liu, D., & Wu, W. (2020). E-waste lead exposure and children’s health in China. Science of the Total Environment, 734, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139286
Arianto, M., & Ritonga, A. H. (2019). Analisa Kadar Pb pada Rambut Tukang Becak Sekitaran Jalan Kapten Muslim Medan. Jurnal Analis Laboratorium Medik, 4(1), 8–10. http://e-journal.sari-mutiara.ac.id/index.php/ALM/article/view/817/701
Baloch, S., Kazi, T. G., Baig, J. A., Afridi, H. I., & Arain, M. B. (2020). Occupational Exposure of Lead and Cadmium on Adolescent and Adult Workers of Battery Recycling and Welding Workshops: Adverse Impact on Health. Science of the Total Environment, 720, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137549
Bella, A. N. F. K., & Rappe, E. (2020). Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) pada Jajanan Gorengan di Kota Makassar. Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat, 20(1), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v20i1.1441
Chaichan, M. T., Kazem, H. A., & Abed, T. A. (2018). Traffic and Outdoor Air Pollution Levels Near Highways in Baghdad, Iraq. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20(2), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9900-x
Charkiewicz, A. E., & Backstrand, J. R. (2020). Lead Toxicity and Pollution in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124385
Ervianty, T. E., Ikhtiar, M., Bintara, A., Hasanuddin, H., & HaswrianiHabo, H. (2021). Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan Timbal (Pb) pada Pa’limbang-limbang di Jl. Urip Sumoharjo Kota Makassar. Jurnal Sanitasi dan Lingkungan, 2(1), 128–138. https://e-journal.sttl-mataram.ac.id/index.php/jsl/article/view/33/26
Estikhamah, F., & Rumintang, A. (2020). Studi Literatur tentang Pengaruh Demand Bus Antar Kota terhadap Kualitas Udara di Area Terminal. Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 1(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.31284/j.jts.2020.v1i1.904
Fu, Z., & Xi, S. (2020). The Effects of Heavy Metals on Human Metabolism. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 30(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2019.1701594
Haruna, H., Lahming, L., Amir, F., & Asrib, A. R. (2019). Pencemaran Udara Akibat Gas Buang Kendaraan Bermotor dan Dampaknya terhadap Kesehatan. UNM Environmental Journals, 2(2), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.26858/uej.v2i2.10092
Indrayani, I., & Asfiati, S. (2018). Pencemaran Udara Akibat Kinerja Lalu-Lintas Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Medan. Jurnal Permukiman, 13(1), 13–20. http://jurnalpermukiman.pu.go.id/index.php/JP/article/view/274/pdf
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014
Momongan, A., Rokot, A., & Watung, A. T. (2019). Hubungan Lama Kerja dengan Paparan Timbal (Pb) dalam Urine pada Operator Percetakan di PT Manado Persada Madani. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 9(2), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v9i2.672
Prasetya, H. R. (2021). Hubungan Timbal Darah terhadap Kelainan Sel Darah pada Anak Jalanan di Kota Yogyakarta. Meditory: The Journal of Medical Laboratory, 9(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.33992/m.v9i1.1291
Rantesalu, A. (2021). Karakteristik Individu terhadap Timbal Darah dan Dampaknya pada Hb Pekerja Bengkel. Jurnal Kesehatan, 14(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.32763/juke.v14i1.212
Ruhban, A., & Wahidah, N. (2017). Tingkat Kuantitatif Pencemaran Logam Berat Timbel (Pb) dalam Udara Ambien di Terminal Malengkeri Kota Makassar. Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat, 17(1), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v17i1.683
Salsabilla, R. O., Pratama, B., & Angraini, D. I. (2020). Kadar Timbal Darah pada Kesehatan Anak. Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional, 2(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.37287/jppp.v2i2.54
Sari, N. N., Putri, L. N., & Agata, A. (2019). Hubungan Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) dengan Keterpaparan Logam Timbal (Pb) pada Petugas Tanda Pembayaran Retribusi (TPR) Dinas Perhubungan di Terminal Rajabasa Bandar Lampung. Bali Medika Jurnal, 6(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.36376/bmj.v6i1.63
Suwarja, S., Sopiti, J., & Rokot, A. (2019). Kadar Timbal (Pb) dalam Urine terhadap Lamanya Pedagang Kaki Lima Berjualan di Pasar 45 Kota Manado. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 9(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v9i2.671
Yuliantini, A., Noneng, N., & Juliana, V. (2018). Penetapan Kadar Timbal (Pb) pada Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah (PJAS) di Sekolah Dasar Cibiru. Medical Sains: Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 2(2), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.37874/ms.v2i2.48
Zeng, X., Huo, X., Xu, X., Liu, D., & Wu, W. (2020). E-waste lead exposure and children’s health in China. Science of the Total Environment, 734, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139286
