Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Balita di Indonesia
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the risk factors for stunting in toddlers in Indonesia. The method used is a literature review. The research results show that, in general, three factors influence the risk of checking in Indonesian toddlers, including Parental factors consisting of maternal factors, elements during pregnancy and genetic factors, toddler factors, and environmental factors. The most dominant factors influencing the incidence of stunting in toddlers in this literature review are low maternal education level, low birth weight, inadequate exclusive breastfeeding for children, and consumption of foods that are not varied and have a variety of proteins. In conclusion, three factors can influence stunting in toddlers in Indonesia: parental factors, toddler factors, and environmental factors.
Keywords: Risk Factors, Growth Disorders, Indonesia, Stunting
References
Aria, Y. P., Zahra, S., Adhelaa, M., & Nurdiatami, N. (2022). Tinjauan Literatur : Perkembangan Program Penanggulangan Stunting di Indonesia. Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia, 6(2), 53–58. https://dx.doi.org/10.7454/epidkes.v6i2.6049
Azizah, A. M., Nurmala, I., & Devy, S. R. (2022). The Effect of Mother’s Educational Level and Stunting Incidence on Toddler : A Meta Analysis. Amerta Nutrition, 6(4), 369–375. https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v7i4.2022.369-375
Fitri, R. J., Huljannah, N., & Rochmah, T. N. (2022). Program Pencegahan Stunting di Indonesia: A Systematic Review. Media Gizi Indonesia, 17(3), 281–292. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v17i3.281-292
Halli, S. S., Biradar, R. A., & Prasad, J. B. (2022). Low Birth Weight, the Differentiating Risk Factor for Stunting among Preschool Children in India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073751
Haque, M. A., Wahid, B. Z., Tariqujjaman, M., Khanam, M., Farzana, F. D., Ali, M., Naz, F., Sanin, K. I., Faruque, A. S. G., & Ahmed, T. (2022). Stunting Status of Ever-Married Adolescent Mothers and its Association with Childhood Stunting with a Comparison by Geographical Region in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116748
Kemenkes. (2022). Hasil Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2022. Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI
Kusumajaya, A. A. N., Mubasyiroh, R., Sudikno, S., Nainggolan, O., Nursanyoto, H., Sutiari, N. K., Adhi, K. T., Suarjana, I. M., & Januraga, P. P. (2023). Sociodemographic and Healthcare Factors Associated with Stunting in Children Aged 6–59 Months in the Urban Area of Bali Province, Indonesia 2018. Nutrients, 15(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020389
Lubis, D. A., Zulkarnain, M., Flora, R., & Tanjung, R. (2022). The Relation between the Characteristics of Parents and the Incidence of Stunting in Elementary School Children in the Working Area of the Air Beliti Health Center. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, 4(3), 4391–4397. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i3.2215
Mulyaningsih, T., Mohanty, I., Widyaningsih, V., Gebremedhin, T. A., Miranti, R., & Wiyono, V. H. (2021). Beyond Personal Factors: Multilevel Determinants of Childhood Stunting in Indonesia. PLoS One, 16(11), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260265
Mutiarasari, D., Miranti, M., Fitriana, Y., Pakaya, D., Sari, P., Bohari, B., Sabir, M., Wahyuni, R. D., Ryzqa, R., & Hadju, V. (2021). A Determinant Analysis of Stunting Prevalence on Under5-Year-Old Children to Establish Stunting Management Policy. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(B), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5622
Nisar, Y. B., Aguayo, V. M., Billah, S. M., & Dibley, M. J. (2020). Antenatal Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation is Associated with Improved Linear Growth and Reduced Risk of Stunting or Severe Stunting in South Asian Children Less than Two Years of Age: A Pooled Analysis from Seven Countries. Nutrients, 12(9), 2632. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092632
Paul, P., Arra, B., Hakobyan, M., Hovhannisyan, M. G., & Kauhanen, J. (2021). The Determinants of Under-5 Age Children Malnutrition and The Differences in The Distribution of Stunting-A Study from Armenia. PLoS One, 16(5), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249776
Podungge, Y., Yulianingsih, E., Porouw, H. S., Saraswati, E., Tompunuh, M. M., Gladis, J., Zakaria, R., & Labatjo, R. (2021). Determinant Factors of Stunting in Under-Five Children. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(B), 1717–1726. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6638
Puspitasari, P. N., Irwanto, I., & Adi, A. C. (2021). Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Aged 1-5 Years at Wire Primary Health Care, Tuban Regency, East Java. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 5(4), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.04.05
Putri, T. A., Salsabilla, D. A., & Saputra, R. K. (2022). The Effect of Low Birth Weight on Stunting in Children Under Five: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 6(4), 496–506. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.04.11
Rahmidini, A. (2020). Literatur Review: Hubungan Stunting dengan Perkembangan Motorik dan Kognitif Anak. Jurnal Seminar Kesehatan, 2(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.48186/.v2i01.272.90-104
Sari, K., & Sartika, R. A. D. (2023). The Impact of Iron Supplementation During Pregnancy and Change of Consumption among Stunting Children Aged 6‑24 Months During the COVID‑19 Pandemic in Indonesia. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(18), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_354_21
Sari, N., Manjorang, M. Y., Zakiyah, & Randell, M. (2021). Exclusive Breastfeeding History Risk Factor Associated with Stunting of Children Aged 12–23 Months. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 16(1), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.21109/KESMAS.V16I1.3291
Shinsugi, C., & Mizumoto, A. (2022). Associations of Nutritional Status with Full Immunization Coverage and Safe Hygiene Practices Among Thai Children Aged 12–59 Months. Nutrients, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010034
Simbolon, D., Adevianti, D., Setianingsih, L., Ningsih, L., & Andriani, L. (2021). The Relationship between Maternal and Child Health Services with the Prevalence of Stunting Based on the Basic Health Research in Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 16(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v16i2.2021.177-187
Soekatri, M. Y. E., Sandjaja, S., & Syauqy, A. (2020). Stunting was Associated with Reported Morbidity, Parental Education and Socioeconomic Status in 0.5–12-Year-Old Indonesian Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6294), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176204
Solis-Soto, T., Paudel, D., & Nicoli, F. (2020). Relationship between Vaccination and Nutritional Status in Children: Analysis of Recent Demographic and Health Surveys. Demographic Research, 42(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2020.42.1
Sserwanja, Q., Kamara, K., Mutisya, L. M., Musaba, M. W., & Ziaei, S. (2021). Rural and Urban Correlates of Stunting Among Under-Five Children in Sierra Leone: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 14(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211047056
Suratri, M. A. L., Putro, G., Rachmat, B., Nurhayati, Ristrini, Pracoyo, N. E., Yulianto, A., Suryatma, A., Samsudin, M., & Raharni, R. (2023). Risk Factors for Stunting among Children under Five Years in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021640
Wicaksono, R. A., Arto, K. S., Mutiara, E., Deliana, M., Lubis, M., Rizal, J., & Batubara, L. (2021). Risk Factors of Stunting in Indonesian Children Aged 1 to 60 Months. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 61(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi61.1.2021.12-9
Wulandari, R. D., Laksono, A. D., Kusrini, I., & Tahangnacca, M. (2022). The Targets for Stunting Prevention Policies in Papua, Indonesia: What Mothers’ Characteristics Matter? Nutrients, 14(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030549
Yunitasari, E., Lee, B. O., Krisnana, I., Lugina, R., Solikhah, F. K., & Aditya, R. S. (2022). Determining the Factors That Influence Stunting during Pandemic in Rural Indonesia: A Mixed Method. Children, 9(8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081189
Zafirah, F. (2021). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kurangnya Cakupan Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap pada Bayi yang Berumur 29 Hari – 11 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Jaddih Kabupaten Bangkalan. Cerdika: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 1(4), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.36418/cerdika.v1i4.59
Zaleha, S., & Idris, H. (2022). Implementation of Stunting Program in Indonesia: A Narrative Review. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 10(1), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v10i1.2022.143-151
Azizah, A. M., Nurmala, I., & Devy, S. R. (2022). The Effect of Mother’s Educational Level and Stunting Incidence on Toddler : A Meta Analysis. Amerta Nutrition, 6(4), 369–375. https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v7i4.2022.369-375
Fitri, R. J., Huljannah, N., & Rochmah, T. N. (2022). Program Pencegahan Stunting di Indonesia: A Systematic Review. Media Gizi Indonesia, 17(3), 281–292. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v17i3.281-292
Halli, S. S., Biradar, R. A., & Prasad, J. B. (2022). Low Birth Weight, the Differentiating Risk Factor for Stunting among Preschool Children in India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073751
Haque, M. A., Wahid, B. Z., Tariqujjaman, M., Khanam, M., Farzana, F. D., Ali, M., Naz, F., Sanin, K. I., Faruque, A. S. G., & Ahmed, T. (2022). Stunting Status of Ever-Married Adolescent Mothers and its Association with Childhood Stunting with a Comparison by Geographical Region in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116748
Kemenkes. (2022). Hasil Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2022. Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI
Kusumajaya, A. A. N., Mubasyiroh, R., Sudikno, S., Nainggolan, O., Nursanyoto, H., Sutiari, N. K., Adhi, K. T., Suarjana, I. M., & Januraga, P. P. (2023). Sociodemographic and Healthcare Factors Associated with Stunting in Children Aged 6–59 Months in the Urban Area of Bali Province, Indonesia 2018. Nutrients, 15(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020389
Lubis, D. A., Zulkarnain, M., Flora, R., & Tanjung, R. (2022). The Relation between the Characteristics of Parents and the Incidence of Stunting in Elementary School Children in the Working Area of the Air Beliti Health Center. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, 4(3), 4391–4397. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i3.2215
Mulyaningsih, T., Mohanty, I., Widyaningsih, V., Gebremedhin, T. A., Miranti, R., & Wiyono, V. H. (2021). Beyond Personal Factors: Multilevel Determinants of Childhood Stunting in Indonesia. PLoS One, 16(11), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260265
Mutiarasari, D., Miranti, M., Fitriana, Y., Pakaya, D., Sari, P., Bohari, B., Sabir, M., Wahyuni, R. D., Ryzqa, R., & Hadju, V. (2021). A Determinant Analysis of Stunting Prevalence on Under5-Year-Old Children to Establish Stunting Management Policy. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(B), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5622
Nisar, Y. B., Aguayo, V. M., Billah, S. M., & Dibley, M. J. (2020). Antenatal Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation is Associated with Improved Linear Growth and Reduced Risk of Stunting or Severe Stunting in South Asian Children Less than Two Years of Age: A Pooled Analysis from Seven Countries. Nutrients, 12(9), 2632. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092632
Paul, P., Arra, B., Hakobyan, M., Hovhannisyan, M. G., & Kauhanen, J. (2021). The Determinants of Under-5 Age Children Malnutrition and The Differences in The Distribution of Stunting-A Study from Armenia. PLoS One, 16(5), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249776
Podungge, Y., Yulianingsih, E., Porouw, H. S., Saraswati, E., Tompunuh, M. M., Gladis, J., Zakaria, R., & Labatjo, R. (2021). Determinant Factors of Stunting in Under-Five Children. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(B), 1717–1726. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6638
Puspitasari, P. N., Irwanto, I., & Adi, A. C. (2021). Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Aged 1-5 Years at Wire Primary Health Care, Tuban Regency, East Java. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 5(4), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.04.05
Putri, T. A., Salsabilla, D. A., & Saputra, R. K. (2022). The Effect of Low Birth Weight on Stunting in Children Under Five: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 6(4), 496–506. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2021.06.04.11
Rahmidini, A. (2020). Literatur Review: Hubungan Stunting dengan Perkembangan Motorik dan Kognitif Anak. Jurnal Seminar Kesehatan, 2(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.48186/.v2i01.272.90-104
Sari, K., & Sartika, R. A. D. (2023). The Impact of Iron Supplementation During Pregnancy and Change of Consumption among Stunting Children Aged 6‑24 Months During the COVID‑19 Pandemic in Indonesia. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(18), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_354_21
Sari, N., Manjorang, M. Y., Zakiyah, & Randell, M. (2021). Exclusive Breastfeeding History Risk Factor Associated with Stunting of Children Aged 12–23 Months. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 16(1), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.21109/KESMAS.V16I1.3291
Shinsugi, C., & Mizumoto, A. (2022). Associations of Nutritional Status with Full Immunization Coverage and Safe Hygiene Practices Among Thai Children Aged 12–59 Months. Nutrients, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010034
Simbolon, D., Adevianti, D., Setianingsih, L., Ningsih, L., & Andriani, L. (2021). The Relationship between Maternal and Child Health Services with the Prevalence of Stunting Based on the Basic Health Research in Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 16(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v16i2.2021.177-187
Soekatri, M. Y. E., Sandjaja, S., & Syauqy, A. (2020). Stunting was Associated with Reported Morbidity, Parental Education and Socioeconomic Status in 0.5–12-Year-Old Indonesian Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6294), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176204
Solis-Soto, T., Paudel, D., & Nicoli, F. (2020). Relationship between Vaccination and Nutritional Status in Children: Analysis of Recent Demographic and Health Surveys. Demographic Research, 42(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2020.42.1
Sserwanja, Q., Kamara, K., Mutisya, L. M., Musaba, M. W., & Ziaei, S. (2021). Rural and Urban Correlates of Stunting Among Under-Five Children in Sierra Leone: A 2019 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 14(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211047056
Suratri, M. A. L., Putro, G., Rachmat, B., Nurhayati, Ristrini, Pracoyo, N. E., Yulianto, A., Suryatma, A., Samsudin, M., & Raharni, R. (2023). Risk Factors for Stunting among Children under Five Years in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021640
Wicaksono, R. A., Arto, K. S., Mutiara, E., Deliana, M., Lubis, M., Rizal, J., & Batubara, L. (2021). Risk Factors of Stunting in Indonesian Children Aged 1 to 60 Months. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 61(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi61.1.2021.12-9
Wulandari, R. D., Laksono, A. D., Kusrini, I., & Tahangnacca, M. (2022). The Targets for Stunting Prevention Policies in Papua, Indonesia: What Mothers’ Characteristics Matter? Nutrients, 14(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030549
Yunitasari, E., Lee, B. O., Krisnana, I., Lugina, R., Solikhah, F. K., & Aditya, R. S. (2022). Determining the Factors That Influence Stunting during Pandemic in Rural Indonesia: A Mixed Method. Children, 9(8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081189
Zafirah, F. (2021). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kurangnya Cakupan Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap pada Bayi yang Berumur 29 Hari – 11 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Jaddih Kabupaten Bangkalan. Cerdika: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 1(4), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.36418/cerdika.v1i4.59
Zaleha, S., & Idris, H. (2022). Implementation of Stunting Program in Indonesia: A Narrative Review. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 10(1), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v10i1.2022.143-151
