Kolesterol Total dan Kolesterol LDL terhadap hsCRP pada Pasien COVID-19 Berat
Abstract
This study aims to examine the relationship between total LDL cholesterol and hsCRP in severe COVID-19 patients at the H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan. The research method used was a cross-sectional retrospective study. The research results showed a negative correlation between Total Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol and hsCRP in severe COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, a decrease in Total Cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol levels was found in severe COVID-19 patients. Increased hsCRP levels were found in severe COVID-19 patients. The demographic characteristics of the research subjects were dominated by male patients. The most common comorbidity found is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, followed by hypertension.
Keywords: Severe COVID-19, hsCRP, LDL Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol
References
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Sarvasti, D. (2020). Pengaruh Gender dan Manifestasi Kardiovaskular pada COVID-19. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 41(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1004
Susilo, D., Hidayat, E., & Marta, R. F. (2021). Village Public Innovations During COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Areas: Phenomena in Madura, Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905919
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Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., Pu, K., Chen, Z., Guo, Q., Ji, R., Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Prevalence of Comorbidities and Its Effects in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
Zavareh, M. F., Mehdizadeh, M., & Nordfjærn, T. (2022). Demand for Mitigating the Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Public Transport: The Role of Social Trust and Fatalistic Beliefs. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 84(July 2021), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.12.010
Zhao, M., Luo, Z., He, H., Shen, B., Liang, J., Zhang, J., Ye, J., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Ye, D., Wang, M., & Wan, J. (2021). Decreased Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level Indicates Poor Prognosis of Severe and Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective, Single-Center Study. Frontiers in Medicine, 8(May), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.585851
Ali, M. J., Hanif, M., Haider, M. A., Ahmed, M. U., Sundas, F. N. U., Hirani, A., Khan, I. A., Anis, K., & Karim, A. H. (2020). Treatment Options for COVID-19: A Review. Frontiers in Medicine, 7(July), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00480
Ali, N. (2020). Role of Vitamin D in Preventing of COVID-19 Infection, Progression and Severity. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(10), 1373–1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021
Amiri, S., Haghdoost, A., Mostafavi, E., Sharifi, H., Peykari, N., Raeisi, A., Ardakani, M. A., Lari, M. A., Soori, H., Ostovar, A., Eshrati, B., Gouya, M. M., Nasehi, M., Tabatabaei, S. M., Amirkhani, M., & Eybpoosh, S. (2021). Iran COVID-19 Epidemiology Committee: A Review of Missions, Structures, Achievements, and Challenges. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 21(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2021.45
Biswas, A., Bhattacharjee, U., Chakrabarti, A. K., Tewari, D. N., Banu, H., & Dutta, S. (2020). Emergence of Novel Coronavirus and COVID-19: Whether to Stay or Die Out? Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 46(2), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1739001
Biswas, M., Rahaman, S., Biswas, T. K., Haque, Z., & Ibrahim, B. (2021). Association of Sex, Age, and Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intervirology, 64(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512592
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 99 Cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A Descriptive Study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Do Nascimento, J. H. F., Da Silva, C. N., Gusmão-Cunh, A., Neto, M. M. S., & De Andrade, A. B. (2023). Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Delays in Diagnosis-To-Treatment Initiation for Breast Cancer in Brazil: A Nationwide Study. Ecancermedicalscience, 17, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2023.1570
Elgendy, M. O., El-Gendy, A. O., & Abdelrahim, M. E. A. (2020). Public Awareness in Egypt about COVID-19 Spread in the Early Phase of the Pandemic. Patient Education and Counseling, 103(12), 2598–2601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.09.002
Enrique, C., Sisnieguez, L., Espeche, W. G., & Salazar, M. R. (2020). Severity and Mortality of COVID-19. Europan Respiratory Journal, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1183/00000000.00000000
Hu, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). The Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19. Gerontology, 67(3), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1159/000513400
Hu, X., Chen, D., Wu, L., He, G., & Ye, W. (2020). Declined Serum High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol is Associated with the Severity of COVID-19 Infection. Clinica Chimica Acta, 510(June), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.015
Lamers, M. M., & Haagmans, B. L. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20(5), 270–284. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00713-0
Lei, M., Lin, K., Pi, Y., Huang, X., Fan, L., Huang, J., Liu, R., Liu, L., Shao, X., Hu, K., Yang, L., Qin, S., & He, F. (2020). Clinical Features and Risk Factors of ICU Admission for COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5237840
Lu, Q. Bin, Zhang, Y., Liu, M. J., Zhang, H. Y., Jalali, N., Zhang, A. R., Li, J. C., Zhao, H., Song, Q. Q., Zhao, T. S., Zhao, J., Liu, H. Y., Du, J., Teng, A. Y., Zhou, Z. W., Zhou, S. X., Che, T. Le, Wang, T., Yang, T., & Fang, L. Q. (2020). Epidemiological Parameters of COVID-19 and Its Implication for Infectivity among Patients in China, 1 January to 11 February 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(40), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.40.2000250
Mahat, R. K., Rathore, V., Singh, N., Singh, N., Singh, S. K., Shah, R. K., & Garg, C. (2021). Lipid Profile as an Indicator of COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 45, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.07.023
Mahmoud-Elsayed, H. M., Moody, W. E., Bradlow, W. M., Khan-Kheil, A. M., Senior, J., Hudsmith, L. E., & Steeds, R. P. (2020). Echocardiographic Findings in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36(8), 1203–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.05.030
Ren, Z. L., Hu, R., Wang, Z. W., Zhang, M., Ruan, Y. Le, Wu, Z. Y., Wu, H. B., Hu, X. P., Hu, Z. P., Ren, W., Li, L. C., Dai, F. F., Liu, H., & Cai, X. (2020). Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Heart Transplant Recipients during the 2019 Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China: A Descriptive Survey Report. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 39(5), 412–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.008
Rezaei, A., Neshat, S., & Heshmat-Ghahdarijani, K. (2022). Alterations of Lipid Profile in COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Current Problems in Cardiology, 47(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100907
Sarvasti, D. (2020). Pengaruh Gender dan Manifestasi Kardiovaskular pada COVID-19. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 41(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.1004
Susilo, D., Hidayat, E., & Marta, R. F. (2021). Village Public Innovations During COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Areas: Phenomena in Madura, Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905919
Tadic, M., Saeed, S., Grassi, G., Taddei, S., Mancia, G., & Cuspidi, C. (2021). Hypertension and COVID-19: Ongoing Controversies. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8(February), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.639222
Tian, W., Jiang, W., Yao, J., Nicholson, C. J., Li, R. H., Sigurslid, H. H., Wooster, L., Rotter, J. I., Guo, X., & Malhotra, R. (2020). Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), 1875–1883. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26050
Wei, S. Q., Bilodeau-Bertrand, M., Liu, S., & Auger, N. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cmaj, 193(16), E540–E548. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.202604
Wijayanti, P. R., & Sudarman, S. S. S. S. (2023). Pengaruh Media Dalam Bias Anti-China di Masa Pandemi COVID-19 di Amerika Serikat. Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v6i1.1837
Wulandari, T., Wera Agrita, T., Hidayatullah, K., Muhamamdiyah Muara Bungo, S., Rangkayo Hitam, J. R., & Cadika Kecamatan Rimbo Tengah, K. (2020). Analisis Perbandingan Perkuliahan Online dan Offline terhadap Mahasiswa STKIP. The 1st National Conference on Education, Social Science, and Humaniora Proceeding, 2(1), 64–68. https://journal-center.litpam.com/index.php/essh/article/view/351
Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., Pu, K., Chen, Z., Guo, Q., Ji, R., Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Prevalence of Comorbidities and Its Effects in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
Zavareh, M. F., Mehdizadeh, M., & Nordfjærn, T. (2022). Demand for Mitigating the Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Public Transport: The Role of Social Trust and Fatalistic Beliefs. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 84(July 2021), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.12.010
Zhao, M., Luo, Z., He, H., Shen, B., Liang, J., Zhang, J., Ye, J., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Ye, D., Wang, M., & Wan, J. (2021). Decreased Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level Indicates Poor Prognosis of Severe and Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective, Single-Center Study. Frontiers in Medicine, 8(May), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.585851
Published
2023-12-10
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 Noni Irawaty, Santi Syafril, Ricke Loesnihari
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