Low to High Intensity Exercise dalam Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah pada Pasien DM Tipe 2
Abstract
This study aims to map and synthesize evidence regarding the effectiveness of low to high-intensity exercise in reducing blood sugar levels in type 2 DM patients according to patient characteristics. The method used is a scoping review with a search strategy using the PICO(s) format. Pubmed, Science Direct, CINAHL, and the Google Scholar search engine are the databases used. The research results showed that eight articles were in English, five studies showed a significant reduction in blood sugar, and three others showed no significant decrease. Apart from that, it was also found that there was an increase in insulin, which showed a significant increase in HbA1c, and there was no increase in the dose of anti-diabetic therapy. Several types of exercise are used at all intensities depending on the patient's ability, including walking, jogging, power cycling, and walking on a treadmill. In conclusion, exercise can reduce weight for obese patients and increase muscle strength, followed by improved physical function for patients with weight loss.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Exercise Therapy, Blood Glucose
References
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Agbonifo-Chijiokwu, E., Nwangwa, K. E., Oyovwi, M. O., Ben-Azu, B., Naiho, A. O., Emojevwe, V., Ohwin, E. P., Ehiwarior, A. P., Ojugbeli, E. T., Nwabuoku, S. U., Moke, E. G., & Oghenetega, B. O. (2023). Underlying Biochemical Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Exercise and Honey on Streptozotocin-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 22(1), 515–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-022-01173-2
Ax, A.-K., Johansson, B., Lyth, J., Nordin, K., & Börjeson, S. (2022). Short- and Long-Term Effect of High Versus Low-to-Moderate Intensity Exercise to Optimise Health-Related Quality of life after Oncological Treatment-Results from the Phys-Can project. Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 30(7), 5949–5963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07016-3
Bönhof, G. J., Strom, A., Apostolopoulou, M., Karusheva, Y., Sarabhai, T., Pesta, D., Roden, M., & Ziegler, D. (2022). High-Intensity Interval Training for 12 Weeks Improves Cardiovascular Autonomic Function but Not Somatosensory Nerve Function and Structure in Overweight Men with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetologia, 65(6), 1048–1057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05674-w
Cho, M. K., & Kim, M. Y. (2021). Relationship between Diabetes Family Conflicts or Problem Recognition in Illness Self-Management and Quality of Life of Adolescents with T1DM and Their Parents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010710
Clifford, B. K., Jones, M. D., Simar, D., Barry, B. K., & Goldstein, D. (2021). The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia in Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Physiological Reports, 9(19), e15047. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15047
Coomans de Brachène, A., Scoubeau, C., Musuaya, A. E., Costa-Junior, J. M., Castela, A., Carpentier, J., Faoro, V., Klass, M., Cnop, M., & Eizirik, D. L. (2023). Exercise as a Non-Pharmacological Intervention to Protect Pancreatic Beta Cells in Individuals with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetologia, 66(3), 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05837-9
Dixit, N., Shaw, C. K., Varshney, G. A., Kumar, R., Saini, P. A., & Verma, P. (2022). Endocrinal Complications in Children and Adolescents with Thalassemia Major in Central India: An Observational Study. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 89(10), 983–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-021-03883-6
Izquierdo, M., Merchant, R. A., Morley, J. E., Anker, S. D., Aprahamian, I., Arai, H., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Bernabei, R., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., Chen, L.-K., de Souto Barreto, P., Duque, G., Ferrucci, L., Fielding, R. A., García-Hermoso, A., Gutiérrez-Robledo, L. M., Harridge, S. D. R., Kirk, B., & Singh, M. F. (2021). International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 25(7), 824–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8
Jayedi, A., Emadi, A., & Shab-Bidar, S. (2022). Dose-Dependent Effect of Supervised Aerobic Exercise on HbA1c in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Medicine, 52(8), 1919–1938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01673-4
Jiang, A., Feng Z L., Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., & She, Y. Q. (2021). Effect of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors on the Levels of Serum Asprosin in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00652-5
Kanaley, J. A., Colberg, S. R., Corcoran, M. H., Malin, S. K., Rodriguez, N. R., & Crespo, C. J. (2022). Exercise/Physical Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Medical Sciences Sports Exercise, 54. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800
Mazzoni, A. S., Brooke, H. L., Berntsen, S., Nordin, K., & Demmelmaier, I. (2021). Effect of Self-Regulatory Behaviour Change Techniques and Predictors of Physical Activity Maintenance in Cancer Survivors: A 12-Month Follow-Up of the Phys-Can RCT. BMC Cancer, 21(1), 1272. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08996-x
Meng, J., Huang, F., Shi, J., Zhang, C., Feng, L., Wang, S., Li, H., Guo, Y., Hu, X., Li, X., He, W., Cheng, J., & Wu, Y. (2023). Integrated Biomarker Profiling of the Metabolome Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Tibetan in China. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 15(1), 146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01124-8
Setyawati, A., Ngo, T., Padila, P., & Andri, J. (2020). Obesity and Heredity for Diabetes Mellitus among Elderly. JOSING: Journal of Nursing and Health, 1(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.31539/josing.v1i1.1149
Sherafati-Moghadam, M., Pahlavani, H. A., Daryanoosh, F., & Salesi, M. (2022). The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Protein Expression in Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) and Soleus (SOL) in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 21(2), 1499–1508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-022-01091-3
Shivgulam, M. E., Liu, H., Schwartz, B. D., Langley, J. E., Bray, N. W., Kimmerly, D. S., & O’Brien, M. W. (2023). Impact of Exercise Training Interventions on Flow-Mediated Dilation in Adults: An Umbrella Review. Sports Medicine, 53(6), 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01837-w
Sugita, Y., Ito, K., Yoshioka, Y., & Sakai, S. (2023). Association of Complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Hemodynamics and Exercise Capacity in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Case–Control Study In Individuals Aged 65–80 Years. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 22(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-01835-2
Thukral, N., Kaur, J., & Malik, M. (2023). A Systematic Review on Foot Muscle Atrophy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 43(3), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01118-8
Valli, G., Minnock, D., Tarantino, G., & Neville, R. D. (2021). Delayed Effect of Different Exercise Modalities on Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrition Metabolisme Cardiovascular Dieases, 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.006
Van Ryckeghem, L., Keytsman, C., De Brandt, J., Verboven, K., Verbaanderd, E., Marinus, N., Franssen, W. M. A., Frederix, I., Bakelants, E., Petit, T., Jogani, S., Stroobants, S., Dendale, P., Bito, V., Verwerft, J., & Hansen, D. (2022). Impact of Continuous vs. Interval Training on Oxygen Extraction and Cardiac Function During Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(4), 875–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04884-9
Zhong, M., Tian, X., Sun, Q., Li, L., Lu, Y., Feng, Z., Gao, Y., & Li, S. (2023). Correlation of Asprosin and Nrg-4 with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Coronary Heart Disease and the Diagnostic Value. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 23(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01311-8
