Intervensi Non Farmakologi untuk Menurunkan Kecemasan dan Ketakutan Persalinan pada Trimester III Kehamilan
Abstract
This study aims to identify non-pharmacological interventions that can reduce anxiety and fear during childbirth in the third trimester of pregnancy. Using the PRISMA method, the research method used is a systematic review through searching 6 (six) databases, namely ProQuest, Scopus, Pubmed, Science Direct, and Taylor & Francis. The results of research from 11 articles included in the analysis show that non-pharmacological interventions that can reduce pregnant women's anxiety levels regarding pregnancy and childbirth are providing education and training in preparation for childbirth carried out face to face (P < 0.001), Iyengar yoga (P < 0 .05), and the application of lavender oil as aromatherapy (P<0.001) as well as mindfulness-based antenatal education (P<0.001). Meanwhile, non-pharmacological interventions that can reduce the level of fear during childbirth are simulation-based childbirth preparation education combined with mindfulness (P<0.01), online-based antenatal education about childbirth preparation (P<0.05), Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting (MBCP) with a partner (P< 0.05), simulation-based childbirth education (P< 0.05), psychodrama (P< 0.001) and psychotherapy (P< 0.001). In conclusion, non-pharmacological interventions given to pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy can reduce the level of anxiety and fear of childbirth.
Keywords: Non-Pharmacological Intervention, Anxiety, Pregnancy, Fear of Childbirth
References
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Güney, E., Cengizhan, S. Ö., Okyay, E. K., Bal, Z., & Uçar, T. (2022). Effect of The Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Stress, Anxiety, and Childbirth Fear in Pregnant Women Diagnosed with COVID-19. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 47(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101566
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O'Connell, M. A., Khashan, A. S., Leahy-Warren, P., Stewart, F., & O'Neill, S. M. (2021). Interventions for Fear of Childbirth Including Tocophobia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 7(7), CD013321. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013321.pub2
Rahayu, B., & Ariningtyas, R. E. (2023). Reduction of Anxiety and Pain in Primigravida Mothers With Modified Iyengar Yoga: A Clinical Study. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 14(1), 100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100584
Rezaei, N., Keshavarz, M., Pezaro, S., Sarvi, F., Eshraghi, N., & Bekhradi, R. (2023). The Effect of Aromatherapy and Music Therapy Upon Anxiety and Non-Stress Test Results During Pregnancy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 102307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2023.102307
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Uludağ, E., Serçekuş, P., Vardar, O., Özkan, S., & Alataş, S. E. (2022). Effects of Online Antenatal Education on Worries About Labour, Fear of Childbirth, Preparedness For Labour and Fear Of Covid-19 During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Single-Blind Randomised Controlled Study. Midwifery, 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103484
Val, A., & Míguez, M. C. (2023). Prevalence of Antenatal Anxiety in European Women: A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021098
Van der Meulen, R. T., Veringa-Skiba, I. K., Van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & De Bruin, E. I. (2023). Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting For Pregnant Women With High Fear of Childbirth and Their Partners: Outcomes of A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Short- and Longer-Term Effects on Psychological Well-Being, Birth and Pregnancy Experience. Midwifery, 116,103545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103545
Wang, S. L., Sun, M. Y., Huang, X., Zhang, D. M., Yang, L., Xu, T., Pan, X. P., & Zheng, R. M. (2023). Benefits of Mindfulness Training on The Mental Health of Women During Pregnancy and Early Motherhood: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 36(4), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2023.041
Zafman, K. B., Riegel, M. L., Levine, L. D., & Hamm, R. F. (2023). An Interactive Childbirth Education Platform To Improve Pregnancy-Related Anxiety: A Randomized Trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 229(1), 67.e1-67.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.007
Zarenejad, M., Yazdkhasti, M., Rahimzadeh, M., Mehdizadeh Tourzani, Z., & Esmaelzadeh‐Saeieh, S. (2020). The Effect of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction on Maternal Anxiety and Self‐Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain and Behavior, 10(4), e01561. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1561
Zhang, F., Zhou, J., Zhang, S., Qin, X., Li, P., Tao, F., & Huang, K. (2023). Impact of Pregnancy-Related Anxiety on Preschoolers' Emotional and Behavioral Development: Gender Specificity, Critical Time Windows and Cumulative Effect. Journal of Affective Disorders, 323, 176-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.085
Zhang, T., Liu, M., Min, F., Wei, W., Liu, Y., Tong, J., Meng, Q., Sun, L., & Chen, X. (2023). Fear of Childbirth and Its Determinants in Pregnant Women in The Third Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05070-7
Apriliani, D., Audityarini, E., & Marinem, M. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Trimester III dalam Menghadapi Persalinan di RSU Budi Kemuliaan Tahun 2022. Jurnal Kebidanan dan Kesehatan Reproduksi, 1(2), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.61633/jkkr.v1i2.10
Bingöl, F. B., Bal, M. D., Dişsiz, M., Sormageç, M. T., & Çimen, B. Ö. (2022). Psychodrama As A New Intervention for Reducing Fear of Childbirth: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 42(7), 2946–2953. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2022.2114329
Çankaya, S., & Şimşek, B. (2021). Effects of Antenatal Education on Fear of Birth, Depression, Anxiety, Childbirth Self-Efficacy, and Mode of Delivery in Primiparous Pregnant Women: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Clinical Nursing Research, 30(6), 818-829. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773820916984
Challacombe, F. L., Nath, S., Trevillion, K., Pawlby, S., & Howard, L. M. (2021). Fear of Childbirth During Pregnancy: Associations with Observed Mother-Infant Interactions and Perceived Bonding. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 24(3), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-020-01098-w
Dai, L., Shen, Q., Redding, S. R., & Ouyang, Y. Q. (2021). Simulation-Based Childbirth Education For Chinese Primiparas: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(9), 2266–2274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.036
Domínguez-Solís, E., Lima-Serrano, M., & Lima-Rodríguez, J. S. (2021). Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Reduce Anxiety in Pregnancy, Labour and Postpartum: A Systematic Review. Midwifery, 102, 103126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103126
Fatemi, A., Nasiri-Amiri, F., Faramarzi, M., Chehrazi, M., Rad, H. A., & Pahlavan, Z. (2023). Comparing The Effectiveness of Virtual and Semi-Attendance Stress Inoculation Training [SIT] Techniques in Improving The Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress of Pregnant Women With Psychological Distress: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05650-1
Gökçe, G. I., Serçekuş, P., Yenal, K., Okumuş, H., Durgun Ozan, Y., Karabulut, Ö., & Erdoğan, S. (2024). The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Fear of Childbirth Among Turkish Pregnant Women. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 42(1), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2022.2057938
Güney, E., Cengizhan, S. Ö., Okyay, E. K., Bal, Z., & Uçar, T. (2022). Effect of The Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Stress, Anxiety, and Childbirth Fear in Pregnant Women Diagnosed with COVID-19. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 47(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101566
Hassanzadeh, R., Abbas-Alizadeh, F., Meedya, S., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2020). Fear of Childbirth, Anxiety and Depression in Three Groups of Primiparous Pregnant Women Not Attending, Irregularly Attending and Regularly Attending Childbirth Preparation Classes. BMC Women’s Health, 20(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01048-9
Innab, A., Alkhunaizi, A., Al-Otaibi, A., & Moafa, H. (2023). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Childbirth Education on Prenatal Anxiety: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Acta Psychologica, 238, 103978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103978
Kemenkes RI. (2020). Pedoman Pelayanan Antenatal Terpadu 2020 Ed.3. In Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia
Kuo, T. C., Au, H. K., Chen, S. R., Chipojola, R., Lee, G. T., Lee, P. H., & Kuo, S. Y. (2022). Effects of An Integrated Childbirth Education Program To Reduce Fear of Childbirth, Anxiety, and Depression, and Improve Dispositional Mindfulness: A Single-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial. Midwifery, 113, 103438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103438
O'Connell, M. A., Khashan, A. S., Leahy-Warren, P., Stewart, F., & O'Neill, S. M. (2021). Interventions for Fear of Childbirth Including Tocophobia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 7(7), CD013321. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013321.pub2
Rahayu, B., & Ariningtyas, R. E. (2023). Reduction of Anxiety and Pain in Primigravida Mothers With Modified Iyengar Yoga: A Clinical Study. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 14(1), 100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100584
Rezaei, N., Keshavarz, M., Pezaro, S., Sarvi, F., Eshraghi, N., & Bekhradi, R. (2023). The Effect of Aromatherapy and Music Therapy Upon Anxiety and Non-Stress Test Results During Pregnancy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 102307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2023.102307
Rúger-Navarrete, A., Vázquez-Lara, J. M., Antúnez-Calvente, I., Rodríguez-Díaz, L., Riesco-González, F. J., Palomo-Gómez, R., Gómez-Salgado, J., & Fernández-Carrasco, F. J. (2023). Antenatal Fear of Childbirth as a Risk Factor for a Bad Childbirth Experience. Healthcare, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030297
Uludağ, E., Serçekuş, P., Vardar, O., Özkan, S., & Alataş, S. E. (2022). Effects of Online Antenatal Education on Worries About Labour, Fear of Childbirth, Preparedness For Labour and Fear Of Covid-19 During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Single-Blind Randomised Controlled Study. Midwifery, 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103484
Val, A., & Míguez, M. C. (2023). Prevalence of Antenatal Anxiety in European Women: A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021098
Van der Meulen, R. T., Veringa-Skiba, I. K., Van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & De Bruin, E. I. (2023). Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting For Pregnant Women With High Fear of Childbirth and Their Partners: Outcomes of A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Short- and Longer-Term Effects on Psychological Well-Being, Birth and Pregnancy Experience. Midwifery, 116,103545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103545
Wang, S. L., Sun, M. Y., Huang, X., Zhang, D. M., Yang, L., Xu, T., Pan, X. P., & Zheng, R. M. (2023). Benefits of Mindfulness Training on The Mental Health of Women During Pregnancy and Early Motherhood: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 36(4), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2023.041
Zafman, K. B., Riegel, M. L., Levine, L. D., & Hamm, R. F. (2023). An Interactive Childbirth Education Platform To Improve Pregnancy-Related Anxiety: A Randomized Trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 229(1), 67.e1-67.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.007
Zarenejad, M., Yazdkhasti, M., Rahimzadeh, M., Mehdizadeh Tourzani, Z., & Esmaelzadeh‐Saeieh, S. (2020). The Effect of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction on Maternal Anxiety and Self‐Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain and Behavior, 10(4), e01561. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1561
Zhang, F., Zhou, J., Zhang, S., Qin, X., Li, P., Tao, F., & Huang, K. (2023). Impact of Pregnancy-Related Anxiety on Preschoolers' Emotional and Behavioral Development: Gender Specificity, Critical Time Windows and Cumulative Effect. Journal of Affective Disorders, 323, 176-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.085
Zhang, T., Liu, M., Min, F., Wei, W., Liu, Y., Tong, J., Meng, Q., Sun, L., & Chen, X. (2023). Fear of Childbirth and Its Determinants in Pregnant Women in The Third Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05070-7
Published
2024-05-23
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