Urgensi Model Kerangka Yuridis Adaptif terhadap Deepfake AI (Artificial Intelligence) dalam Perspektif Hukum Siber

Authors

Zulfikar Zulfikar Universitas Esa Unggul
Partahan V. A Erick Sihombing Universitas Esa Unggul

DOI:

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of deepfake technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) that generate new challenges for cyber law, to evaluate the extent to which existing Indonesian regulations provide effective legal protection against deepfake misuse, and to formulate relevant juridical principles and an adaptive legal framework to address technological developments. The research employs a normative juridical approach by examining statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and scholarly literature on cyber law and AI, complemented by conceptual and comparative analyses of regulatory practices in selected jurisdictions. The findings reveal that deepfake AI is characterized by anonymity, replicability, cross-border dissemination, and algorithmic autonomy, which collectively create a regulatory gap between rapid technological advancement and the capacity of national law to govern it. Existing Indonesian regulations remain sectoral, fragmented, and non-specific, resulting in limited victim protection and significant normative and evidentiary challenges in law enforcement. The study further identifies key juridical principles, human rights protection, legal certainty, proportionality, risk-based responsibility, and regulatory adaptability as essential foundations for an adaptive legal framework. The study concludes that establishing an adaptive juridical model is an urgent necessity to ensure justice, legal certainty, and effective protection of digital rights in cyberspace.

Keywords: Adaptive Regulation, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Law, Deepfake AI, Digital Rights, Legal Protection.

References

Abbott, R. (2020). The Reasonable Robot: Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Cambridge University Press.

Akpobome, O. (2024). The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Legal Frameworks: A Model for Adaptive Regulation. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.1024.3012

Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deepfakes and the new disinformation war: The coming age of post-truth geopolitics. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-12-11/deepfakes-and-new-disinformation-war

Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2023). Regulating deepfakes. California Law Review, 111(3), 731–780. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3213944

Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2024). Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security, 107 California Law Review 1753

Available at: https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/640

Citron, D. K. (August 17, 2018). Sexual Privacy. 128 Yale Law Journal 1870 (2019), U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2018-25, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3233805

Citron, D. K., & Franks, M. A. (2019). Criminalizing Revenge Porn. Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 49, 345+, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-1, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2368946

De Bellis, M. (2020). Adaptive regulation: A new approach to regulating artificial intelligence. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 11(2), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.25

European Commission. (2021, April 21). Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Retrieved from: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-regulation-laying-down-harmonised-rules-artificial-intelligence

Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., … Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5

Franks, M. A. (2022). Fearless speech. Oxford University Press.

Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Generative adversarial nets. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 27, 2672–2680. https://doi.org/10.1145/3422622

Kuźnicka-Błaszkowska, D., & Kostyuk, N. (2025). Emerging need to regulate deepfakes in international law: the Russo-Ukrainian war as an example. J. Cybersecur., 11. https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaf008

Lescrauwaet, L., Wagner, H., Yoon, C., & Shukla, S. (2022). Adaptive Legal Frameworks and Economic Dynamics in Emerging Tech-nologies: Navigating the Intersection for Responsible Innovation. Law and Economics. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v16i3.61

Liu, X. (2025). Normative construction of platform criminal liability in the governance of deepfake technology. Advances in Social Behavior Research. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/2025.23777

Marchant, G. E., Allenby, B. R., & Herkert, J. R. (2011). The growing gap between emerging technologies and legal-ethical oversight. Springer.

Pratama, R. A. (2023). Tantangan hukum terhadap teknologi deepfake dalam perspektif hukum siber Indonesia. Jurnal Rechtsvinding, 12(2), 245–262.

Rini, A. S., & Wibowo, A. (2022). Deepfake dan ancaman terhadap kepastian hukum di era digital. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Pandecta, 17(1), 89–104.

Sari, D. P. (2024). Perlindungan hukum terhadap korban pornografi deepfake di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 31(1), 112–130.

Suseno, A. (2022). Pembuktian tindak pidana siber berbasis kecerdasan buatan. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 52(3), 401–420.

Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408

Westerlund, M. (2019). The emergence of deepfake technology: A review. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(11), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1282