Meta-Analisis Faktor Pendorong Aktivitas Antropogenik Terhadap Karakteristik Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan Gambut di Indonesia
Abstract
The purpose of this research is the use of land in managing the land and doing environmentally friendly treatment in clearing the land. The method that was carried out by meta-analysis with 175 journal articles related to forest and land fires in Indonesia was then identified to produce an inventory of data for meta-analysis. The results of the research through an independence test between the factors driving fires from anthropogenic activities and the characteristics of fires indicate that the factor of weak law enforcement and protection in land tenure is significantly related to the characteristics of fires. The conclusions from this research are that land use rights must be clear and fair, concession holders have managed their land well and provide sanctions for those who violate the applicable regulations and the importance of developing innovations in clearing and managing peatlands without burning according to needs and providing benefits. economy, especially for small farmers, thereby reducing vertical and horizontal conflicts.
Keywords: Land, Fire, Forest.
References
Adrianto, H. A., Spracklen1, D. V., & Arnold, S. R. (2019). Relationship Between Fire and Forest Cover Loss in Riau Province, Indonesia between 2001 and 2012. Forests, 10(10), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100889
Akbar, A. (2011). Studi Kearifan Lokal Penggunaan Api Persiapan Lahan: Studi Kasus di Hutan Mawas, Kalimantan Tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 8(3), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.20886/jsek.2011.8.3.211-230
Alisjahbana, A. S., & Busch, J. M. (2017). Forestry, Forest Fires, and Climate Change in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(2), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1365404
Alsepan, G., & Minobe, S. (2020). Relations between Interannual Variability of Regional-Scale Indonesian Precipitation and Large-Scale Climate Modes during 1960–2007. Journal of Climate, 33(12), 5271–5291. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0811.1
Biancalani, R., & Avagyan, A. (2014). Towards Climate-Responsible Peatlands Management (R. Biancalani & A. Avagyan, eds.). Rome: Food and Agiculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Boer, C. (2002). Forest and fire suppression in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In P. Moore, D. Ganz, L. C. Tan, T. Enters, & P. B. Durst (Eds.), Communities in Flames: Proceedings of an International Conference on Community Involvement in Fire Management. FAO & FireFight South East Asia
Chandra, S., Ziemke, J. R., Duncan, B. N., Diehl, T. L., Livesey, N. J., & Froidevaux, L. (2009). Effects of the 2006 El Niño on Tropospheric Ozone and Carbon Monoxide: Implications for Dynamics and Biomass Burning. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9(13), 4239–4249. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4239-2009
Cochran, Wi. G. (1954). Some Methods for Strengthening the Common χ2 Tests. Biometrics, 10(4), 417–451
Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius: Yogyakarta
Fitriasari, E. T., Kistanto, N., Yuwanto, Y., Yuwono, T. (2019) Policy Strategy Beyond Eco Tourism Development, Economics Development Analysis Journal 8(3) 264-278. 2019 https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v8i3.31104
Hoscilo, A., Page, S. E., Tansey, K. J., & Rieley, J. O. (2011). Effect of Repeated Fires on Land-Cover Change on Peatland in Southern Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, from 1973 to 2005. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20(4), 578–588. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10029
Juárez-Orozco, S. M., Siebe, C., & Fernández y Fernández, D. (2017). Causes and Effects of Forest Fires in Tropical Rainforests: A Bibliometric Approach. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 194008291773720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917737207
Krishna, V. V., Kubitza, C., Pascual, U., & Qaim, M. (2017). Land Markets, Property Rights, and Deforestation: Insights from Indonesia. World Development, 99, 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.018
Lee, G., Liew, S. C., Lim, O. K., & Lim, H. (1999). Analysis of Vegetation Types Affected by the 1997 Forest Fires in Sumatra. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2(65), 738–740. https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.1999.774424
Legg, C. A., & Laumonier, Y. (1999). Fire In Indonesia, 1997: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Ambio, 28(6), 479–485
M, B., Lubis D.P., S. D., & D, S. (2018). The Viewpoint of Stakeholders on the Causes of Forest and Land Fires in Riau Province, Indonesia. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 30 (February). 108–114. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238551
Miettinen, J., Hooijer, A., Wang, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2012). Peatland Degradation and Conversion Sequences and Interrelations in SUMATRA. Regional Environmental Change, 12(4), 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0290-9
Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2016). Land cover distribution in the peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990. Global Ecology and Conservation, 6, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.004
Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2017). Fire Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with Special Emphasis on Peatland Fires. Environmental Management, 60(4), 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0911-7
NOAANWS. (2020). Historical El Nino/ La Nina Episodes (1950-present). Retrieved November 28. 2020. From http://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php
Nugraha, R. P., Fauzi, A., & Ekayani, M. (2019). Analisis Kerugian Ekonomi pada Lahan Gambut di Kecamatan Pusako, dan Kecamatan Dayun, Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau. Ekonomi Pertanian , Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan (Journal of Agriculture , Resource , and Environmental Economics ). (2). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.29244/jaree.v2i2.26072
Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H. D. V., Jaya, A., & Limin, S. (2002). The Amount of Carbon Released from Peat and Forest Fires in Indonesia During 1997. Nature, 420(6911), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01131
Prabowo, D., Maryudi, A., Senawi, & Imron, M. A. (2017). Conversion of forests into oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Insights from actors’ power and its dynamics. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.004
Purnomo, E. P., Ramdani, R., Agustiyara, A., Tomaro, Q. P. V., & Samidjo, G. S. (2019). Land Ownership Transformation Before and After Forest Fires in Indonesian Palm Oil Plantation Areas. Journal of Land Use Science, 14(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2019.1614686
Putra, R., Sutriyono, E., Kadir, S., & Iskandar, I. (2019). Understanding of fire Distribution in the South Sumatra Peat Area During the Last Two Decades. International Journal of GEOMATE. 16(54). 2186–2990. https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.54.8243
Setiawan, E. N., Maryudi, A., Purwanto, R. H., & Lele, G. (2016). Opposing Interests in the Legalization of Non-Procedural Forest Conversion to Oil Palm in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 58, 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.003
Siegert, F., & Hoffmann, A. A. (2000). The 1998 forest fires in East Kalimantan (Indonesia): A Quantitative Evaluation Using High Resolution, Multitemporal ERS-2 SAR Images and NOOA-AVHRR Hotspot Data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 72(1). 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00092-9
Siegert, F., & Rücker, G. (1999). Evaluation of the 1998 Forest Fires in East-Kalimantan (Indonesia) Using Multitemporal ERS-2 SAR Images. Earth Observation Quarterly. (61). 7–12. DOI:10.1109/IGARSS.1999.773441
Erusani, A. S., & Aji, A. C. (2022). Anthropogenic Activities Of Illegal Mine Resistance To The Environment And Social Economic Dynamics . International Journal of Social Science, 1(5), 853–858. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v1i5.1370
Simorangkir, D. (2007). Fire use: Is it Really the Cheaper Land Preparation Method for Large-Scale Plantations? Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(1), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9049-2
Sloan, S., Locatelli, B., Wooster, M. J., & Gaveau, D. L. A. (2017). Fire Activity in Borneo Driven by Industrial Land Conversion and Drought During El Niño Periods, 1982–2010. Global Environmental Change, 47 (September). 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.10.001
Sudarman, S., Saputra, D. D., Karnowo, K., & Febrian, F. (2019). Minimalisasi Pencemaran Udara Melalui Penyetelan Perangkat Pembakaran Motor Sesuai Dengan Baku Mutu Emisi. Rekayasa. 16(2). 165–172. https://doi.org/10.15294/rekayasa.v16i2.17507
Sukarman. (2015). Pembentukan, Sebaran dan Kesesuaian Lahan Pembentukan Tanah Gambut. Panduan Pengelolaan Berkelanjutan Lahan Gambut Terdegradasi, (12), 2–15
Sumarga, E. (2017). Spatial Indicators For Human Activities May Explain the 2015 Fire Hotspot Distribution in Central Kalimantan Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917706168
Suyanto, S. (2007). Underlying Cause of Fire: Different form of Land Tenure Conflicts in Sumatra. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9039-4
Tacconi, L., Moore, P. F., & Kaimowitz, D. (2007). Fires in tropical forests - What is Really the Problem? Lessons from Indonesia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9040-y
Tacconi, Luca. (2003). Kebakaran Hutan di Indonesia: Penyebab, Biaya dan Implikasi Kebijakan. In Center for International for Forestry Research (Vol. 38). https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/001200
Tacconi, Luca. (2016). Preventing Fires and Haze in Southeast Asia. Nature Climate Change, 6(7), 640–643. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3008
Thoha, A. S., Saharjo, B. H., Boer, R., & Ardiansyah, M. (2019). Characteristics and Causes of Forest and Land Fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 20(1). 110–117. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200113
Trinirmalaningrum, Dalidjo, N., Siahaan, F. R., Widyanto, U., Achsan, I. A., Primandari, T., & Wardana, K. W. (2015). Di Balik Tragedi Asap: Catatan Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan 2015 (F. R. Siahaan & N. Dalidjo, Eds.). The Asia Foundation. Jakarta
Varkkey, H. (2012). Patronage Politics as a Driver of Economic Regionalisation: The Indonesian Oil Palm Sector and Transboundary Haze. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 314–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01493.x
Varkkey, H. (2013). Patronage politics, Plantation Fires and Transboundary Haze. Environmental Hazards, 12(3-4). 200-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2012.759524
Varma, A. (2003). The Economics of Slash and Burn: A Case Study of the 1997-1998 Indonesian Forest Fires. Ecological Economics, 46(1), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3
Vetrita, Y., & Cochrane, M. A. (2020). Fire Frequency and Related Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes in Indonesia’s Peatlands. Remote Sensing, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12010005
Wahyunto, Ritung, S., Suparto, & Subagjo. (2004). Peat distributin and Carbon Content in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Bogor: Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme.
Whitburn, S., Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., Turquety, S., Clerbaux, C., & Coheur, P. F. (2016). Doubling of Annual Ammonia Emissions From the Peat Fires in Indonesia During the 2015 El Niño. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(20), 11,007-11,014. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070620
Wooster, M. J., Perry, G. L. W., & Zoumas, A. (2012). Fire, Drought and El Niño Relationships on Borneo (Southeast Asia) in the Pre-MODIS Era (1980-2000). Biogeosciences, 9(1), 317–340. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-317-2012
Wooster, M. J., & Strub, N. (2002). Study of the 1997 Borneo fires: Quantitative Analysis Using Global Area Coverage (GAC) Satellite data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(1), 9-1-9–12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001357
Yim, C. Y. (1999). The Forest Fires in Indonesia 1997-98. Geography, 84(3), 251–260
Akbar, A. (2011). Studi Kearifan Lokal Penggunaan Api Persiapan Lahan: Studi Kasus di Hutan Mawas, Kalimantan Tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 8(3), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.20886/jsek.2011.8.3.211-230
Alisjahbana, A. S., & Busch, J. M. (2017). Forestry, Forest Fires, and Climate Change in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(2), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1365404
Alsepan, G., & Minobe, S. (2020). Relations between Interannual Variability of Regional-Scale Indonesian Precipitation and Large-Scale Climate Modes during 1960–2007. Journal of Climate, 33(12), 5271–5291. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0811.1
Biancalani, R., & Avagyan, A. (2014). Towards Climate-Responsible Peatlands Management (R. Biancalani & A. Avagyan, eds.). Rome: Food and Agiculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Boer, C. (2002). Forest and fire suppression in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In P. Moore, D. Ganz, L. C. Tan, T. Enters, & P. B. Durst (Eds.), Communities in Flames: Proceedings of an International Conference on Community Involvement in Fire Management. FAO & FireFight South East Asia
Chandra, S., Ziemke, J. R., Duncan, B. N., Diehl, T. L., Livesey, N. J., & Froidevaux, L. (2009). Effects of the 2006 El Niño on Tropospheric Ozone and Carbon Monoxide: Implications for Dynamics and Biomass Burning. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9(13), 4239–4249. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4239-2009
Cochran, Wi. G. (1954). Some Methods for Strengthening the Common χ2 Tests. Biometrics, 10(4), 417–451
Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius: Yogyakarta
Fitriasari, E. T., Kistanto, N., Yuwanto, Y., Yuwono, T. (2019) Policy Strategy Beyond Eco Tourism Development, Economics Development Analysis Journal 8(3) 264-278. 2019 https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v8i3.31104
Hoscilo, A., Page, S. E., Tansey, K. J., & Rieley, J. O. (2011). Effect of Repeated Fires on Land-Cover Change on Peatland in Southern Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, from 1973 to 2005. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20(4), 578–588. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10029
Juárez-Orozco, S. M., Siebe, C., & Fernández y Fernández, D. (2017). Causes and Effects of Forest Fires in Tropical Rainforests: A Bibliometric Approach. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 194008291773720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917737207
Krishna, V. V., Kubitza, C., Pascual, U., & Qaim, M. (2017). Land Markets, Property Rights, and Deforestation: Insights from Indonesia. World Development, 99, 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.018
Lee, G., Liew, S. C., Lim, O. K., & Lim, H. (1999). Analysis of Vegetation Types Affected by the 1997 Forest Fires in Sumatra. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2(65), 738–740. https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.1999.774424
Legg, C. A., & Laumonier, Y. (1999). Fire In Indonesia, 1997: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Ambio, 28(6), 479–485
M, B., Lubis D.P., S. D., & D, S. (2018). The Viewpoint of Stakeholders on the Causes of Forest and Land Fires in Riau Province, Indonesia. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 30 (February). 108–114. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238551
Miettinen, J., Hooijer, A., Wang, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2012). Peatland Degradation and Conversion Sequences and Interrelations in SUMATRA. Regional Environmental Change, 12(4), 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0290-9
Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2016). Land cover distribution in the peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990. Global Ecology and Conservation, 6, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.02.004
Miettinen, J., Shi, C., & Liew, S. C. (2017). Fire Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with Special Emphasis on Peatland Fires. Environmental Management, 60(4), 747–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0911-7
NOAANWS. (2020). Historical El Nino/ La Nina Episodes (1950-present). Retrieved November 28. 2020. From http://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php
Nugraha, R. P., Fauzi, A., & Ekayani, M. (2019). Analisis Kerugian Ekonomi pada Lahan Gambut di Kecamatan Pusako, dan Kecamatan Dayun, Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau. Ekonomi Pertanian , Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan (Journal of Agriculture , Resource , and Environmental Economics ). (2). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.29244/jaree.v2i2.26072
Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H. D. V., Jaya, A., & Limin, S. (2002). The Amount of Carbon Released from Peat and Forest Fires in Indonesia During 1997. Nature, 420(6911), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01131
Prabowo, D., Maryudi, A., Senawi, & Imron, M. A. (2017). Conversion of forests into oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Insights from actors’ power and its dynamics. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.004
Purnomo, E. P., Ramdani, R., Agustiyara, A., Tomaro, Q. P. V., & Samidjo, G. S. (2019). Land Ownership Transformation Before and After Forest Fires in Indonesian Palm Oil Plantation Areas. Journal of Land Use Science, 14(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2019.1614686
Putra, R., Sutriyono, E., Kadir, S., & Iskandar, I. (2019). Understanding of fire Distribution in the South Sumatra Peat Area During the Last Two Decades. International Journal of GEOMATE. 16(54). 2186–2990. https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.54.8243
Setiawan, E. N., Maryudi, A., Purwanto, R. H., & Lele, G. (2016). Opposing Interests in the Legalization of Non-Procedural Forest Conversion to Oil Palm in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 58, 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.003
Siegert, F., & Hoffmann, A. A. (2000). The 1998 forest fires in East Kalimantan (Indonesia): A Quantitative Evaluation Using High Resolution, Multitemporal ERS-2 SAR Images and NOOA-AVHRR Hotspot Data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 72(1). 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00092-9
Siegert, F., & Rücker, G. (1999). Evaluation of the 1998 Forest Fires in East-Kalimantan (Indonesia) Using Multitemporal ERS-2 SAR Images. Earth Observation Quarterly. (61). 7–12. DOI:10.1109/IGARSS.1999.773441
Erusani, A. S., & Aji, A. C. (2022). Anthropogenic Activities Of Illegal Mine Resistance To The Environment And Social Economic Dynamics . International Journal of Social Science, 1(5), 853–858. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v1i5.1370
Simorangkir, D. (2007). Fire use: Is it Really the Cheaper Land Preparation Method for Large-Scale Plantations? Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(1), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9049-2
Sloan, S., Locatelli, B., Wooster, M. J., & Gaveau, D. L. A. (2017). Fire Activity in Borneo Driven by Industrial Land Conversion and Drought During El Niño Periods, 1982–2010. Global Environmental Change, 47 (September). 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.10.001
Sudarman, S., Saputra, D. D., Karnowo, K., & Febrian, F. (2019). Minimalisasi Pencemaran Udara Melalui Penyetelan Perangkat Pembakaran Motor Sesuai Dengan Baku Mutu Emisi. Rekayasa. 16(2). 165–172. https://doi.org/10.15294/rekayasa.v16i2.17507
Sukarman. (2015). Pembentukan, Sebaran dan Kesesuaian Lahan Pembentukan Tanah Gambut. Panduan Pengelolaan Berkelanjutan Lahan Gambut Terdegradasi, (12), 2–15
Sumarga, E. (2017). Spatial Indicators For Human Activities May Explain the 2015 Fire Hotspot Distribution in Central Kalimantan Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917706168
Suyanto, S. (2007). Underlying Cause of Fire: Different form of Land Tenure Conflicts in Sumatra. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9039-4
Tacconi, L., Moore, P. F., & Kaimowitz, D. (2007). Fires in tropical forests - What is Really the Problem? Lessons from Indonesia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9040-y
Tacconi, Luca. (2003). Kebakaran Hutan di Indonesia: Penyebab, Biaya dan Implikasi Kebijakan. In Center for International for Forestry Research (Vol. 38). https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/001200
Tacconi, Luca. (2016). Preventing Fires and Haze in Southeast Asia. Nature Climate Change, 6(7), 640–643. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3008
Thoha, A. S., Saharjo, B. H., Boer, R., & Ardiansyah, M. (2019). Characteristics and Causes of Forest and Land Fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 20(1). 110–117. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200113
Trinirmalaningrum, Dalidjo, N., Siahaan, F. R., Widyanto, U., Achsan, I. A., Primandari, T., & Wardana, K. W. (2015). Di Balik Tragedi Asap: Catatan Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan 2015 (F. R. Siahaan & N. Dalidjo, Eds.). The Asia Foundation. Jakarta
Varkkey, H. (2012). Patronage Politics as a Driver of Economic Regionalisation: The Indonesian Oil Palm Sector and Transboundary Haze. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 314–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2012.01493.x
Varkkey, H. (2013). Patronage politics, Plantation Fires and Transboundary Haze. Environmental Hazards, 12(3-4). 200-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2012.759524
Varma, A. (2003). The Economics of Slash and Burn: A Case Study of the 1997-1998 Indonesian Forest Fires. Ecological Economics, 46(1), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00139-3
Vetrita, Y., & Cochrane, M. A. (2020). Fire Frequency and Related Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes in Indonesia’s Peatlands. Remote Sensing, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12010005
Wahyunto, Ritung, S., Suparto, & Subagjo. (2004). Peat distributin and Carbon Content in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Bogor: Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme.
Whitburn, S., Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., Turquety, S., Clerbaux, C., & Coheur, P. F. (2016). Doubling of Annual Ammonia Emissions From the Peat Fires in Indonesia During the 2015 El Niño. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(20), 11,007-11,014. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070620
Wooster, M. J., Perry, G. L. W., & Zoumas, A. (2012). Fire, Drought and El Niño Relationships on Borneo (Southeast Asia) in the Pre-MODIS Era (1980-2000). Biogeosciences, 9(1), 317–340. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-317-2012
Wooster, M. J., & Strub, N. (2002). Study of the 1997 Borneo fires: Quantitative Analysis Using Global Area Coverage (GAC) Satellite data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(1), 9-1-9–12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001357
Yim, C. Y. (1999). The Forest Fires in Indonesia 1997-98. Geography, 84(3), 251–260
Published
2022-06-14
Section
Articles
