Analisis Life Skill Atlet Petanque Kabupaten Musi Rawas dan Upaya Pengembangannya Melalui Strategi Psikologis

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31539/zhc37f05

Keywords:

Atlet Petanque, Feedback, Life Skill, Reinforcement, Strategi Psikologis

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the life skills condition of Petanque athletes in Musi Rawas Regency and to identify aspects that require development through psychological strategies, particularly feedback and reinforcement. The method used in this study is a descriptive quantitative approach supported by qualitative data from interviews, involving 35 active Petanque athletes registered under the FOPI Musi Rawas Regency training program. The main instrument used was the Life Skill Inventory questionnaire, covering multiple dimensions, and the data were analyzed descriptively using means and percentages, complemented by qualitative interpretation. The results show that the overall level of athletes’ life skills is in the moderate category (67.3%), with goal setting and time management dimensions categorized as high, while emotional skill and leadership are relatively low. In addition, the lack of positive feedback and structured reinforcement from coaches was identified as a contributing factor to the weak development of athletes’ psychological aspects. In conclusion, psychological strategies through the application of feedback and reinforcement are recommended as effective approaches to improve athletes’ motivation, discipline, and social skills, and can serve as a foundation for developing psychology-based sports training programs at the regional level.

 

Keywords: Petanque Athletes, Feedback, Life Skills, Reinforcement, Psychological Strategies

References

Ayranci, M., & Aydin, M. K. (2025). The complex interplay between psychological factors and sports performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0330862

Bacelar, M. F. B., Lohse, K. R., Parma, J. O., & Miller, M. W. (2024). Reinforcement learning in motor skill acquisition: Using the reward positivity to understand the mechanisms underlying short- and long-term behavior adaptation. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1466970

Balk, Y. A., & Englert, C. (2020). Recovery self-regulation in sport: Theory, research, and practice. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(2), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954119897528

Barrett, E., Kannis‐Dymand, L., Love, S., Ramos‐Cejudo, J., & Lovell, G. P. (2023). Sports specific metacognitions and competitive state anxiety in athletes: A comparison between different sporting types. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 37(1), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.4040

Bérubé-Deschênes, N., Smith, J., Roy, M., Cloutier, G., Lemieux, A., Cinar, E., & Garon-Carrier, G. (2024). Profiles of basic psychological needs satisfaction and sociodemographic and school-associated factors. The Journal of Experimental Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2024.2355213

Chen, X. (2024). Explore athletes’ sports attitude and its influence on mental health. Heliyon, 10(9), e30734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30734

Chrysidis, S., Turner, M. J., & Wood, A. G. (2020). The effects of REBT on irrational beliefs, self-determined motivation, and self-efficacy in American football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(19), 2215–2224. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1776924

Cronin, L., Allen, J., Ellison, P., Marchant, D., Levy, A., & Harwood, C. (2021). Development and initial validation of the life skills ability scale for higher education students. Studies in Higher Education, 46(6), 1011–1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1672641

Cronin, L., Ellison, P., Allen, J., Huntley, E., Johnson, L., Kosteli, M. C., Hollis, A., & Marchant, D. (2022). A self-determination theory based investigation of life skills development in youth sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(8), 886–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2028507

Cusimano, K., Freeman, P., & Moran, J. (2025). Identifying the psyching-up strategies used in strength sports: A concept mapping approach. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 39(5), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005057

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry.

Den Hartigh, R. J. R., Meerhoff, L. R. A., Van Yperen, N. W., Neumann, N. D., Brauers, J. J., Frencken, W. G. P., Emerencia, A., Hill, Y., Platvoet, S., Atzmueller, M., Lemmink, K. A. P. M., & Brink, M. S. (2024). Resilience in sports: A multidisciplinary, dynamic, and personalized perspective. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 564–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2039749

Godinez, E. S., Brand, D., Miguel, C. F., & Penrod, B. (2024). A further investigation regarding the efficacy of and preference for positive and corrective feedback. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 57(4), 1070–1081. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.1096

González-Hernández, J., Gómez-López, M., Manzano-Sánchez, D., & Valero-Valenzuela, A. (2023). Motivated and without fear of failure: The strength of basic psychological needs in youth Spanish athletes in team sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 87, 235–245. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/162449

Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008a). Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701834573

Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008b). Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 58–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701834573

Habay, J., Van Cutsem, J., Verschueren, J., De Bock, S., Proost, M., De Wachter, J., Tassignon, B., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2021). Mental fatigue and sport-specific psychomotor performance: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 51(7), 1527–1548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01429-6

Jeong, Y. H., Healy, L. C., & McEwan, D. (2023). The application of goal setting theory to goal setting interventions in sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 474–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1901298

Kipp, L. E., & Bolter, N. D. (2024). Motivational climate dimensions predict youth soccer players’ psychosocial well-being over time. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 70, 102518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102518

Konstantinou, G. N., Kloiber, S., & Blumberger, D. M. (2025). The mental game of tennis: A scoping review and the introduction of the resilience racket model. Sports, 13(5), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13050130

Li, J. (2021). The association between school discipline and self-control from preschoolers to high school students: A three-level meta-analysis (Vol. 91, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320979160

Mammadov, S., & Schroeder, K. (2023). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between autonomy support and positive learning outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 75, 102235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102235

Minkels, C., van der Kamp, J., & Beek, P. J. (2023). How intrinsically motivating are swimming instructors/lessons in the Netherlands? An observational study through the lens of self-determination theory. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1236256

Moore, L., Isoard-Gautheur, S., & Gustafsson, H. (2025). Psychophysiological markers of athlete burnout: A call to arms. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(2), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2433-3930

Mossman, L. H., Slemp, G. R., Lewis, K. J., Colla, R. H., & O’Halloran, P. (2024). Autonomy support in sport and exercise settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 540–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2031252

Newman, T., Black, S., Santos, F., Jefka, B., & Brennan, N. (2023). Coaching the development and transfer of life skills: A scoping review of facilitative coaching practices in youth sports. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 619–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1910977

Newman, T. J. (2020). Life skill development and transfer: “They’re not just meant for playing sports.” Research on Social Work Practice, 30(6), 643–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731520903427

Nogueira, J. M., Morais, C., Mansell, P., & Gomes, A. R. (2025). Emotional profile of athletes before competition: Contributions for perceived stress, cognitive appraisal and coping strategies. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1636826

Quinaud, R. T., Possamai, K., Roberto, J., Gonçalves, C. E., & Carvalho, H. M. (2022). The positive impact of sports participation on life skills’ development: A qualitative study with medical students. Sport in Society, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2022.2033220

Regborn, F. F., Holmström, S., Svensson, M., & Sjögren, M. (2025). Emotion regulation and mental health in young elite athletes. Sports, 13(9), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090284

Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., Skymba, H. V., Modi, H. H., Ye, Z., Clapham, R. B., Dodson, J., Finnegan, M., & Heller, W. (2025). Cultivating emotional resilience in adolescent girls: Effects of a growth emotion mindset lesson. Child Development, 96(1), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14175

Simón-Piqueras, J. Á., González-Cutre, D., & García López, L. M. (2024). The potential of sport education to satisfy the basic psychological needs of children from socially vulnerable backgrounds. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 43(3), 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2023-0107

Singh, A., Kaur Arora, M., & Boruah, B. (2024). The role of the six factors model of athletic mental energy in mediating athletes’ well-being in competitive sports. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 2974. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53065-5

Sun, H., Soh, K. G., Mohammadi, A., Toumi, Z., Zhang, L., Ding, C., Gao, X., & Tian, J. (2024). Counteracting mental fatigue for athletes: A systematic review of the interventions. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01476-w

Tanabe, Y., Devonport, T. J., Cloak, R. J., & Lane, A. M. (2025). Co-constructing confidence and performance: A study of athlete-coach beliefs in elite judo. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 20(5), 1839–1849. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541251346907

Thibodeaux, J., & Winsler, A. (2022). Stay positive: Self-talk in relation to motivational climate, goal orientation, and self-talk encouragement in tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 93(4), 769–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1918323

Williamson, O., Swann, C., Bennett, K. J. M., Bird, M. D., Goddard, S. G., Schweickle, M. J., & Jackman, P. C. (2024). The performance and psychological effects of goal setting in sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 1050–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2116723

Downloads

Published

2026-04-04