Frekuensi Latihan Fisik, Durasi Tidur, dan Performa Neurokognitif: Analisis Cross-Sectional Terhadap Inhibisi Kognitif dan Kecepatan Pemrosesan pada Mahasiswa Ilmu Keolahragaan

Septian Williyanto; Herman Subarjah; Surdiniaty Ugelta; Sri Nurlatipah; Danang Isworo Wijayanto

doi:10.31539/g4mhkx29

Authors

Septian Williyanto Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Herman Subarjah Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Surdiniaty Ugelta Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Sri Nurlatipah Sekolah Tinggi Farmasi Indonesia
Danang Isworo Wijayanto Universitas Sains Al Quran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31539/g4mhkx29

Keywords:

Durasi Tidur, Frekuensi Latihan, Fungsi Neurokognitif, Ilmu Keolahragaan, Inhibisi Kognitif, Kecepatan Pemrosesan, Tes Stroop, Trail Making Test

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the relationships between exercise frequency and sleep duration with cognitive inhibition and information processing speed among sport science undergraduates. A cross-sectional design was employed involving 45 sport science undergraduates (28 males, 17 females; mean age 19.62 ± 0.72 years; mean BMI 21.79 ± 2.49 kg/m²). Exercise frequency (sessions/week) and sleep duration (hours/night) were self-reported. Neurocognitive function was assessed using the Stroop Color-Word Test (inhibitory control) and the Trail Making Test (processing speed). Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the associations. The results showed that: (1) exercise frequency had a significant positive correlation with Stroop scores (r = 0.545, p < 0.001); (2) sleep duration was significantly correlated with both Stroop scores (r = 0.479, p = 0.001) and TMT performance (r = -0.356, p = 0.016); (3) exercise frequency and sleep duration jointly explained 29.3% of the variance in inhibitory control (R² = 0.325, R²adj = 0.293); and (4) both variables explained 9.0% of the variance in processing speed (R² = 0.132, R²adj = 0.090). It can be concluded that exercise frequency and sleep duration are positively associated with cognitive inhibition among sport science undergraduates, while sleep duration alone predicts processing speed. These findings support the integration of sleep hygiene education and structured exercise programs into sport science curricula to optimize students' neurocognitive performance.

Keywords: Sleep Duration, Exercise Frequency, Neurocognitive Function, Sport Science, Cognitive Inhibition, Processing Speed, Stroop Test, Trail Making Test

References

Alhola, P., & Polo-Kantola, P. (2007). Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3(5), 553–567. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s7.553

Chaddock, L., Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Kim, J. S., Voss, M. W., VanPatter, M., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2010). A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Research, 1358, 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.049

Chaddock-Heyman, L., Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Powers, J. P., Knecht, A. M., Pontifex, M. B., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2013). White matter microstructure is associated with cognitive control in children. Biological Psychology, 94(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.008

Chang, Y. K., Labban, J. D., Gapin, J. I., & Etnier, J. L. (2012). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Brain Research, 1453, 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068

Charest, J., & Grandner, M. A. (2020). Sleep and athletic performance: Impacts on physical performance, mental performance, injury risk and recovery, and mental health. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 15(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.005

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 3017–3022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108

Etnier, J. L., Labban, J. D., Piepmeier, A. T., Davis, M. E., & Henning, D. A. (2014). Effects of an acute bout of exercise on memory in 6th grade children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 26(3), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0141

Guiney, H., & Machado, L. (2013). Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4

Harrison, Y., & Horne, J. A. (2000). The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(3), 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.6.3.236

Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(1), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2298

Hötting, K., & Röder, B. (2013). Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(9), 2243–2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005

Ju, Y. E., Ooms, S. J., Sutphen, C., Macauley, S. L., Zangrilli, M. A., Jerome, G., ... & Holtzman, D. M. (2017). Slow wave sleep disruption increases cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β levels. Brain, 140(8), 2104–2111. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx148

Killgore, W. D. S. (2010). Effects of sleep deprivation on cognition. Progress in Brain Research, 185, 105–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53702-7.00007-5

Lim, J., & Dinges, D. F. (2010). A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018883

Lo, J. C., Ong, J. L., Leong, R. L., Gooley, J. J., & Chee, M. W. (2016). Cognitive performance, sleepiness, and mood in partially sleep deprived adolescents: The need for sleep study. Sleep, 39(3), 687–698. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5552

Mah, C. D., Mah, K. E., Kezirian, E. J., & Dement, W. C. (2011). The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep, 34(7), 943–950. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1132

Oberlin, L. E., Verstynen, T. D., Burzynska, A. Z., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Chaddock-Heyman, L., ... & Erickson, K. I. (2016). White matter microstructure mediates the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and spatial working memory in older adults. NeuroImage, 131, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.053

Penke, L., Munoz Maniega, S., Murray, C., Gow, A. J., Hernandez, M. C. V., Clayden, J. D., ... & Deary, I. J. (2010). A general factor of brain white matter integrity predicts information processing speed in healthy older people. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(22), 7569–7574. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1553-10.2010

Persson, J., Lustig, C., Nelson, J. K., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2007). Age differences in deactivation: A link to cognitive control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(6), 1021–1032. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.1021

Pontifex, M. B., Parks, A. C., Henning, D. A., & Kamijo, K. (2015). Single bouts of exercise selectively sustain attentional processes. Psychophysiology, 52(5), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12395

Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Szabo, A., Billett, E., & Turner, J. (2001). Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(5), 342–343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.5.342

Tombaugh, T. N. (2004). Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8

Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M., & Pesce, C. (2015). Exercise and children's cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003

Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2014). Sleep and the price of plasticity: From synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration. Neuron, 81(1), 12–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.025

Verburgh, L., Konigs, M., Scherder, E. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2014). Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(12), 973–979. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091441

Vestberg, T., Gustafson, R., Maurex, L., Ingvar, M., & Petrovic, P. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PLOS ONE, 7(4), e34731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034731

Voss, M. W., Heo, S., Prakash, R. S., Erickson, K. I., Alves, H., Chaddock, L., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2013). The influence of aerobic fitness on cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults: Results of a one-year exercise intervention. Human Brain Mapping, 34(11), 2972–2985. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22119

Voss, M. W., Weng, T. B., Burzynska, A. Z., Wong, C. N., Cooke, G. E., Clark, R., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2016). Fitness, but not physical activity, is related to functional integrity of brain networks associated with aging. NeuroImage, 131, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.044

Walker, M. P. (2017). Why we sleep: Unlocking the power of sleep and dreams. Scribner.

Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., ... & Tasali, E. (2015). Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep, 38(6), 843–844. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4716