Efektivitas Salep Ekstrak Etanol Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L) dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Penyebab Infeksi Kulit
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether clove ethanol extract can be formulated into ointment preparations, evaluate the effectiveness of the ointment in inhibiting bacterial growth causing skin infections, and identify the effective concentration of clove ethanol extract ointment formulation against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methods used were disk diffusion and well diffusion with clove ethanol extract concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Chloramphenicol served as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control. The ointment formulation was tested at effective doses of 10% and 30% as per Pharmacopeia guidelines. The positive control used bactoderm ointment, and the negative control was an ointment base without clove extract. The results showed that clove ethanol extract could be formulated into an ointment after undergoing phytochemical screening. The clove ethanol extract ointment effectively inhibited bacterial growth causing skin infections. The inhibition zones for Streptococcus pyogenes were 12.16 mm and 14.06 mm, while for Pseudomonas aeruginosa they were 10.16 mm and 9.3 mm. The effective concentrations of clove ethanol extract ointment in inhibiting bacterial growth were 10% and 30%.
Keywords: Bacteria, Skin Infection, Clove Ointment
References
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Kalalo, M. J., Gratia, B., Bidulang, C. B., Djafar, F., & Edy, H. J. (2020). Potensi antimikroba cengkeh: Review literatur. Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ), 3(2), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.35799/pmj.3.2.2020.32882
Komala Hadi, D. R. (2023). Spektrum klinis infeksi Streptococcus grup A pada anak. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 50(11), 627–631. https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v50i11.1009
Kumalasari, M. L. F., & Andiarna, F. (2020). Uji fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L). Indonesian Journal for Health Sciences, 4(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.24269/ijhs.v4i1.2279
Munthe, E. A., Widodo, T., & Widayati, R. (2015). Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit laban (Vitex pinnata Linn.) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus pyogenes dengan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer. Jurnal Kedokteran Universitas Palangkaraya, 1(1), 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10305.92006
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Nurhayat, N., Yuliar, Y., & Marpaung, M. P. (2020). Analisis efek konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L.) sebagai antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Kemenkes Ri Pangkalpinang, 8(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.32922/jkp.v8i1.115
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Raja, C. M. R. (2015). Versatile and synergistic potential of eugenol: A review. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000367
Saputri, N. P. D., Saputri, G. A. R., & Marcellia, S. (2021). Formulasi sediaan salep ekstrak minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix DC.) terhadap jamur Candida albicans. JUMANTIK, 6(4), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.30829/jumantik.v6i4.10270
Setiabudy, R. (2012). Farmakologi dan Terapi (Edisi 5). Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI.
Suhendar, U., & Fathurrahman, M. (2019). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. FITOFARMAKA: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.33751/jf.v9i1.1257
Suhendar, U., & Sogandi, S. (2019). Identifikasi senyawa aktif ekstrak daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) sebagai inhibitor Streptococcus mutans. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 12(2), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v12i2.12251
Suherman, B., & Isnaeni, D. (2019). The formulasi sediaan salep ekstrak daun kaktus pakis giwang (Euphorbia milii Ch. Des Moulins) kombinasi basis modifikasi PEG 4000 dan PEG 400 serta aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus epidermis. Jurnal Herbal Indonesia, 1(1), 18–32. https://jurnal.uit.ac.id/JHI/article/view/628
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Tansil, A. Y. M., Nangoy, E., Posangi, J., & Bara, R. A. (2016). Uji daya hambat ekstrak etanol daun srikaya (Annona squamosa) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. EBiomedik, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/ebm.v4i2.14344
Widowati, L., & Harfia, M. (2009). Uji aktivitas ekstrak etanol 50% umbi keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lood) Bi) terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 in vitro. Media Litbang Kesehatan, 19(1), 9–11. https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/156140/uji-aktivitas-ekstrak-etanol-50o-umbi-keladi-tikus-typhonium-flagelliforme-lood
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Ananto, F. J., Herwanto, E. S., Nugrahandhini, N. B., Najwa, Y. C., Abidin, M. Z., & Suswati, I. (2025). Gel daun kelor sebagai antibiotik alami pada Pseudomonas aeruginosa secara in vivo. Jurnal Pharmacy, 12(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.30595/pji.v12i1.816
Azizah, A. (2018). Sensitivitas Salmonella Typhimurium terhadap ekstrak daun Psidium guajava L. Bioscientiae, 1(1), 31–38. https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journals/index.php/bioscientiae/article/view/130
Arni, D. P., Idrus, I., & Nurtina, W. O. (2023). Formulasi sediaan salep ekstrak etanol (C2H5OH) daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) sebagai antibakteri. Pelita Sains Kesehatan, 3(3), 66–77. https://ojs.pelitaibu.ac.id/index.php/jpasaik/article/download/65/48/136
Badia, E., Yodha, A. W. M., Musdalipah, N., Sahidin, & Asril. (2022). Formulasi sediaan salep ekstrak batang Meistera chinensis: Meistera chinensis stem extract ointment dosage formulation. Warta Farmasi, 11(2), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.46356/wfarmasi.v8i1
Craft, N., Lee, P. K., Zipoli, M. T., Weinberg, A. N., Swartz, M. N., & Johnson, R. A. (2012). Superficial cutaneous infections and pyodermas. In Wolff, K., Goldsmith, L. A., et al. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine (pp. 1695–1698).
Dimpudus, S. A., Yamlean, P. V. Y., & Yudistira, A. (2017). Formulasi sediaan sabun cair antiseptik ekstrak etanol bunga pacar air (Impatiens balsamina L.) dan uji efektivitasnya terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro. PHARMACON Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi-UNSRAT, 6(3), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.6.2017.16885
Fatimatunnisa, I., Slamet, S., Rahmatullah, S., & Pambudi, D. B. (2021). Uji efektivitas antibakteri sediaan salep ekstrak daun puring (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. Ex A. Juss) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kesehatan, 1, 1005–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.48144/prosiding.v1i.781
Gama, R. A. (2016). Perbandingan efektifitas antibakteri ekstrak bintang laut Culcita sp. terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella typhi. Skripsi. Universitas Lampung
Gaylor, R., Renaud, B., Michel, J., Panja, R., Fanja, F., Marc, L., & Pascal, D. (2016). Variations in yield and composition of leaf essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum at various phases of development. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 90-94. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v5i1.5614
Harborne, J. B. (1987). Metode fitokimia: Penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan. Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
Hasibuan, N. E., Azka, A., Basri, B., & Mujiyanti, A. (2022). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun Avicennia marina dari kawasan Bandar Bakau Dumai. Aurelia Journal, 4(2), 137–142. http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/aureliajournal/article/view/11626
Huda, M., Djayasinga, R., & Ningsih, D. S. (2018). Efektivitas ekstrak bunga cengkeh (Eugenia aromatica) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Analis Kesehatan, 7(1), 710. https://doi.org/10.26630/jak.v7i1.934
Jawetz, E., Brooks, G. F., Carroll, K. C., Butel, J. S., Morse, S. A., & Mietzner, T. A. (1991). Medical Microbiology, 28e. McGraw-Hill Education. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2629§ionid=217768734
Ji, Y. S., Dian, N., & Rinanda, T. (2012). Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) terhadap Streptococcus pyogenes secara in vitro. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala, 12(1), 31–36. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/JKS/article/view/3492
Kalalo, M. J., Gratia, B., Bidulang, C. B., Djafar, F., & Edy, H. J. (2020). Potensi antimikroba cengkeh: Review literatur. Jurnal Farmasi Medica/Pharmacy Medical Journal (PMJ), 3(2), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.35799/pmj.3.2.2020.32882
Komala Hadi, D. R. (2023). Spektrum klinis infeksi Streptococcus grup A pada anak. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 50(11), 627–631. https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v50i11.1009
Kumalasari, M. L. F., & Andiarna, F. (2020). Uji fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L). Indonesian Journal for Health Sciences, 4(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.24269/ijhs.v4i1.2279
Munthe, E. A., Widodo, T., & Widayati, R. (2015). Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit laban (Vitex pinnata Linn.) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus pyogenes dengan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer. Jurnal Kedokteran Universitas Palangkaraya, 1(1), 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10305.92006
Murlistyarini, S., Prawitasari, S., & Setyowatie, L. (2018). Intisari Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya Press.
Nurhayat, N., Yuliar, Y., & Marpaung, M. P. (2020). Analisis efek konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L.) sebagai antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Kemenkes Ri Pangkalpinang, 8(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.32922/jkp.v8i1.115
Oktaviani, F., Mukaddas, A., & Faustine, I. (2016). Profil penggunaan obat pasien penyakit kulit di poliklinik kulit dan kelamin RSU Anutapura Palu. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 2(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2016.v2.i1.5304
Parwanto, M. L. E., Senjaya, H., & Edy, H. J. (2013). Formulasi salep antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun tembelekan (Lantana camara L). Pharmacon, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.2.2013.2538
Pathirana, H. N. K. S., Wimalasena, S. H. M. P., DeSilva, B. C. J., Hossain, S., & Gang-Joon, H. (2019). Antibacterial activity of clove essential oil and eugenol against fish pathogenic bacteria isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Slovenian Veterinary Research, 56(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.26873/SVR-590-2018
Priamsari, M. R., & Wibowo, A. C. (2020). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak perasan daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap Escherichia coli secara in vitro. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v2i1.66
Putri, R., Hardiansah, R., & Supriyanta, J. (2020). Formulasi dan evaluasi fisik salep anti jerawat ekstrak etanol 96% daun pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes. Jurnal Farmagazine, 7(2), 20. https://doi.org/10.47653/farm.v7i2.208
Rahmawati, R. (2014). Interaksi ekstrak daun lidah buaya (Aloe vera L.) dan daun sirih (Piper betle L.) terhadap daya hambat Staphylococcus aureus secara in vitro. Jurnal Edubio Tropika, 2(1), 121-127. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/JET/article/view/5235
Raja, C. M. R. (2015). Versatile and synergistic potential of eugenol: A review. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000367
Saputri, N. P. D., Saputri, G. A. R., & Marcellia, S. (2021). Formulasi sediaan salep ekstrak minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix DC.) terhadap jamur Candida albicans. JUMANTIK, 6(4), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.30829/jumantik.v6i4.10270
Setiabudy, R. (2012). Farmakologi dan Terapi (Edisi 5). Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI.
Suhendar, U., & Fathurrahman, M. (2019). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. FITOFARMAKA: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.33751/jf.v9i1.1257
Suhendar, U., & Sogandi, S. (2019). Identifikasi senyawa aktif ekstrak daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) sebagai inhibitor Streptococcus mutans. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 12(2), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v12i2.12251
Suherman, B., & Isnaeni, D. (2019). The formulasi sediaan salep ekstrak daun kaktus pakis giwang (Euphorbia milii Ch. Des Moulins) kombinasi basis modifikasi PEG 4000 dan PEG 400 serta aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus epidermis. Jurnal Herbal Indonesia, 1(1), 18–32. https://jurnal.uit.ac.id/JHI/article/view/628
Sukarno, N. M., Wirawan, P. W., & Adhy, S. (2012). Perancangan dan implementasi jaringan saraf tiruan. Jurnal Masyarakat Informatika, 5(10), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmasif.5.10.8437
Tansil, A. Y. M., Nangoy, E., Posangi, J., & Bara, R. A. (2016). Uji daya hambat ekstrak etanol daun srikaya (Annona squamosa) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. EBiomedik, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/ebm.v4i2.14344
Widowati, L., & Harfia, M. (2009). Uji aktivitas ekstrak etanol 50% umbi keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lood) Bi) terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 in vitro. Media Litbang Kesehatan, 19(1), 9–11. https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/156140/uji-aktivitas-ekstrak-etanol-50o-umbi-keladi-tikus-typhonium-flagelliforme-lood
Zukhri, S., Dewi, K. M. S., & Hidayati, N. (2018). Uji sifat fisik dan antibakteri salep ekstrak daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.). http://repository.umkla.ac.id/1118/
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